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A&P 1 > Ch 7 > Flashcards

Ch 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Bones are composed of:

A

bone tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, blood and nervous tissue

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2
Q

3 functions of bones:

A
  • store inorganic salts
  • support and protect soft tissue
  • house blood-producing cells
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3
Q

What 5 things are composed of the axial skeleton?

A
  • skull
  • middle ear bone
  • hyoid bone
  • vertebral column
  • thoracic cage
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4
Q

What 4 things are composed of the appendicular skeleton?

A
  • pectoral girdle
  • upper limbs
  • pelvic girdle
  • lower limbs
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5
Q

The skull=

A

cranium + facial skeleton

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6
Q

Cranium:

A

encloses and protects brain

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7
Q

Facial skeleton:

A

forms shape of face

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8
Q

What are the 4 major sutures of the cranium?

A
  • coronal
  • sagittal
  • squamous
  • lamboid
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9
Q

(Cranium) Where are 5 places that the frontal bone is located?

A
  • forehead
  • roof of nasal cavity
  • roofs of orbits
  • frontal sinuses
  • supraorbital foramen
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10
Q

(Cranium) Where is 1 place the parietal bone is located?

A

-sides & roof of cranium

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11
Q

(Cranium) What 2 things is the occipital bone composed of?

A
  • foramen magnum

- occipital condyles

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12
Q

(Cranium) What 3 things is the temporal bone composed of?

A
  • external acoustic meatus
  • mandibular fossa
  • zygomatic arch
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13
Q

(Cranium) What suture is located in the temporal bone?

A

squamous suture

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14
Q

(Cranium) What 3 processes are in the temporal bone?

A

mastoid, styloid, zygomatic

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15
Q

(Cranium) What 2 sutures are in the parietal bone?

A
  • sagittal suture

- coronal suture

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16
Q

(Cranium) What suture is in the occipital bone?

A

-lambdoid suture

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17
Q

(Cranium) Where are 3 places the sphenoid bone is located?

A
  • base of cranium
  • sides of skull
  • floor & sides of orbits
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18
Q

(Cranium) Where are 2 places the occipital bone is located?

A
  • back of skull

- base of cranium

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19
Q

(Cranium) What 2 things is the sphenoid bone composed of?

A
  • sella turcica

- sphenoid sinuses

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20
Q

(Cranium) What are 4 places the ethmoid bone is located?

A
  • in front of sphenoid
  • roof and walls of nasal cavity
  • wall of orbits
  • floor of cranium
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21
Q

(Cranium) What 2 plates make up the cranium?

A
  • cribriform plates

- perpendicular plate

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22
Q

(Cranium) What 3 things are the ethmoid bone made up of?

A
  • nasal conchae
  • ethmoidal air cells
  • crista galli
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23
Q

(Cranium) Where are 4 places the maxillae is located?

A
  • upper jaw
  • anterior roof of mouth
  • floors of orbit
  • sides and floor of nasal cavity
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24
Q

(Cranium) What 2 processes are in the maxillae?

A
  • alveolar

- palatine

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25
Q

(Cranium) What 1 thing is the maxillae made of?

A

maxillary sinuses

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26
Q

(Facial Skeleton) What does the palatine bone look like?

A

L-shaped

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27
Q

(Facial Skeleton) Where are 2 places the palatine bone is located?

A
  • behind maxilla

- floor and lateral walls of nasal cavity

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28
Q

(Facial Skeleton) Where are 2 places the zygomatic bone is located?

A
  • cheeks

- lateral walls & floor of orbits

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29
Q

(Facial Skeleton) What 1 process is in the zygomatic bone?

A

temporal

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30
Q

(Facial Skeleton) What 1 thing makes up the zygomatic bone?

A

zygomatic arch

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31
Q

(Facial Skeleton) Where is the lacrimal bone located?

A

medial walls of orbits

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32
Q

(Facial Skeleton) What bone is composed from orbit to nasal cavity for tears?

A

lacrimal bone

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33
Q

(Facial Skeleton) Where is the nasal bone located?

A

bridge of nose

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34
Q

(Facial Skeleton) Where is the vomer bone located?

A

midline of nasal cavity

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35
Q

(Facial Skeleton) The vomer bone is the inferior portion of:

A

nasal septum

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36
Q

(Facial Skeleton) What is the largest of the conchae?

A

inferior nasal conchae

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37
Q

(Facial Skeleton) What does the inferior nasal conchae look like?

A

scroll-shaped

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38
Q

(Facial Skeleton) What is the mandible?

A

lower jawbone

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39
Q

(Facial Skeleton) What does the mandible look like?

A

horse shoe

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40
Q

(Facial Skeleton) What 2 condyles are in the mandible?

A
  • ramus

- mandibular

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41
Q

(Facial Skeleton) What 2 processes are in the mandible?

A
  • coronoid

- alveolar

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42
Q

(Facial Skeleton) What 2 foramen are in the mandible?

A
  • mental

- mandibular

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43
Q

What is something that infantile skulls have?

A

fontanels (soft spots)

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44
Q

(Vertebral Column) What does the vertebral column consist a lot of?

A

vertebrae

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45
Q

(Vertebral Column) How many cervical vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

A

7

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46
Q

(Vertebral Column) How many thoracic vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

A

12

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47
Q

(Vertebral Column) How many lumbar vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

A

5

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48
Q

(Vertebral Column) What forms the sacrum?

A

5 fused sacral vertebrae

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49
Q

(Vertebral Column) What forms the coccyx?

A

4 fused coccygeal vertebrae

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50
Q

What is the smallest vertebrae?

A

cervical vertebrae

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51
Q

(Cervical Vertebrae) What does the atlas do?

A

supports head

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52
Q

(Cervical Vertebrae) What does the axis do?

A

pivots around dens

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53
Q

What are 2 things to know about the thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • articulate with the ribs

- pointed spinous process

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54
Q

What are 2 things to know about lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • short spinous processes

- weight-bearing

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55
Q

Describe the spinous processes in lumbar vertebrae.

A

thick and horizontal

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56
Q

Where is the sacrum located?

A

posterior walls of pelvic cavity

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57
Q

What are 4 things know about the sacrum?

A

posterior and anterior sacral foramina, sacral canal, hiatus, promontory

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58
Q

What is your coccyx?

A

tailbone

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59
Q

How many fused vertebrae does your coccyx have?

A

4

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60
Q

How many pairs of true ribs do we have?

A

7 pairs

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61
Q

How many pairs of false ribs do we have?

A

5 pairs

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62
Q

True ribs:

A

vertebrosternal

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63
Q

Upper 3 pairs of false ribs:

A

vertebrochondral ribs

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64
Q

Vertebral, lower 2 pairs of false ribs:

A

floating ribs

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65
Q

(Structure of Rib) Main portion; long and slender

A

shaft

66
Q

(Structure of Rib) Posterior end; articulates with vertebrae

A

head

67
Q

(Structure of Rib) Articulates with vertebra:

A

tubercle

68
Q

(Structure of Rib) Hyaline cartilage; connects rib to sternum:

A

costal cartilage

69
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the sternum?

A
  • manubrium
  • body
  • xiphoid process
70
Q

What does the sternum do?

A

articulates with costal cartilages and clavicles

71
Q

What does the pectoral girdle consist of?

A

2 clavicles, 2 scapulae

72
Q

What does the pectoral girdle do?

A

support upper limbs

73
Q

What is the shape of clavicles?

A

s-shaped

74
Q

What do clavicles articulate with?

A

manubrium and scapulae

75
Q

What do clavicles brace?

A

scapulae

76
Q

Another name for scapulae:

A

spine

77
Q

What 3 fossas are in the scapulae?

A
  • supraspinous
  • infraspinous
  • glenoid
78
Q

What 2 processes are in the scapulae?

A

acromion and coracoid

79
Q

What do the upper limb bones consist of? (C,H,M,P,R,U)

A
  • humerus
  • radius
  • ulna
  • carpals
  • metacarpals
  • phalanges
80
Q

What is the only bone of the upper arm?

A

humerus

81
Q

What 2 tubercle are found on the humerus?

A

greater and lesser tubercle

82
Q

What 2 necks does the humerus consist of?

A

anatomical and surgical

83
Q

What is something special the humerus consists of?

A

deltoid tuberosity

84
Q

What 2 condyles does the humerus consist of?

A

capitulum (lateral) and trochlea (medial)

85
Q

What 2 fossas are in the humerus?

A

coronoid and olecranon

86
Q

The radius is shorter than:

A

ulna

87
Q

The radius is what?

A

lateral forearm bone

88
Q

What kind of tuberosity does the radius have?

A

radial

89
Q

What kind of process does the radius have?

A

styloid

90
Q

What kind of notch does the radius have?

A

ulnar

91
Q

The ulna is what?

A

medial forearm bone

92
Q

What 2 notches does the ulna have?

A

trochlear and radial

93
Q

What 3 processes does the ulna have?

A

olecranon, styloid, coronoid

94
Q

What are the 8 carpal wrist bones? (So Long Top Part Here Comes The Thumb)

A
  • Scaphoid
  • Lunate
  • Triquetrum
  • Pisiform
  • Hamate
  • Capitate
  • Trapezoid
  • Trapezium
95
Q

How many metacarpals are in the hand?

A

5

96
Q

How many finger bones or phalanges are there in the hand?

A

14

97
Q

What 3 parts are there to the fingers?

A

proximal, middle, distal

98
Q

What does the pelvic girdle consist of?

A

2 coxal bones

99
Q

Pelvis=

A

pelvic girdle + sacrum + coccyx

100
Q

What supports the trunk of the body?

A

pelvis

101
Q

What does the pelvis protect?

A

viscera

102
Q

What does the pelvis provide attachment for?

A

lower limbs

103
Q

What 3 things does the hip bone consist of?

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

104
Q

What is the largest and most superior part of the 3 parts of the hip bone?

A

ilium

105
Q

What 3 things does the ilium consist of?

A
  • iliac crest
  • iliac spines
  • greater sciatic notch
106
Q

What part out of the 3 parts of the coxal supports weight while sitting?

A

ischium

107
Q

What 2 things does the ischium consist of?

A

ischial spines and ischial tuberosity

108
Q

What 2 things does the pubis consist of?

A

pubic symphysis and pubic arch

109
Q

Acetabulum:

A

depression for head of femur

110
Q

What does false pelvis help support?

A

abdominal organs

111
Q

Describe 4 things about the female pelvis.

A
  • pubic arch is at a greater angle
  • pelvic cavity wider
  • lighter
  • iliac bone more flared
112
Q

Describe 2 things about the male pelvis.

A
  • heavier

- less flared

113
Q

What are the 7 bones in the lower limb? (F,F,M,P,P,T,T)

A
  • femur
  • patella
  • tibia
  • fibula
  • tarsals
  • metatarsals
  • phalanges
114
Q

What is the longest bone in the body?

A

femur

115
Q

What 2 trochanters does the femur have?

A

greater and lesser

116
Q

What 2 condyles AND 2 epicondyles does the femur have?

A

medial and lateral

117
Q

What other 4 things does the femur consist of?

A
  • head
  • fovea capitis
  • neck
  • linea aspera
118
Q

The patella is a flat _______ bone located in the ________ tendon.

A

sesamoid; quadriceps

119
Q

What does the patella do?

A

helps with lever action for movement of lower limbs

120
Q

Tibia is also know as:

A

shin bone

121
Q

What bone is larger of the two leg bones?

A

tibia

122
Q

What is the attachment site for patellar ligament?

A

tibial tuberosity

123
Q

Where are the condyles located on the tibia?

A

proximal

124
Q

Describe what the fibula looks like.

A

long and thin

125
Q

What bone is non-weight bearing?

A

fibula

126
Q

What are the 7 bones in the ankle? (Tiger, Cubs, Need, M, I, L, C, C)

A
  • Talus
  • Calcaneus
  • Navicular
  • Medial
  • Intermediate
  • Lateral
  • Cuneiform
  • Cuboid
127
Q

Calcaneus:

A

large heel bone

128
Q

Talus:

A

allows foot to move up and down

129
Q

(Bone Shapes) What are the 5 kinds of bone shapes? Describe them.

A
  1. Long bones: long and narrow, expanded ends Ex. arms & legs
  2. Short bones: cubelike, length=width Ex. carpals & tarsals
  3. Flat bones: platelike, thin and curved Ex. bones of skull
  4. Irregular bones: variety of shapes Ex. vertebrae
  5. Sesamoid bones: round, embedded in tendons Ex. patella
130
Q

(parts of long bone) Epiphysis:

A

expanded end

131
Q

(parts of long bone) Diaphysis:

A

bone shaft

132
Q

(parts of long bone) Metaphysis:

A

widening part

133
Q

(parts of long bone) Articular Cartilage:

A

covers epiphysis

134
Q

(parts of long bone) Periosteum:

A

encloses bone

135
Q

(parts of long bone) Compact bone:

A

wall of diaphysis

136
Q

(parts of long bone) Spongy bone:

A

make up epiphysis

137
Q

(parts of long bone) Trabeculae:

A

branching bony plates, make up spongy bones

138
Q

(parts of long bone) Medullary cavity:

A

hollow chamber that contains marrow

139
Q

(parts of long bone) Endosteum:

A

lines spaces

140
Q

(parts of long bone) Bone marrow:

A

red: spongy bone area, yellow: lines medullary

141
Q

Mature bone cells:

A

osteocytes

142
Q

Osteocytes occupy chambers called:

A

lacunae

143
Q

Compact bone consists of:

A

osteons

144
Q

What are compact bones like?

A

strong and solid

145
Q

What do compact bones do?

A

resists compression

146
Q

What is spongy bone like?

A

flexible somewhat

147
Q

How do nutrients diffuse in spongy bones?

A

through canaliculi

148
Q

Intramembranous bone is what kind of tissue?

A

connective

149
Q

Describe intramembranous bone.

A

flat

150
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

replacing connective tissue to form intramembranous bones

151
Q

Endochondral bone is what cartilage?

A

hyaline

152
Q

Example of endochondral bones.

A

femur, humerus

153
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

replacing hyaline cartilage to form endochondral bones

154
Q

Describe the 4 layers of epiphyseal growth. (R,P,H,C)

A
  1. Resting cartilage: closest to end of epiphysis, anchors epiphyseal plate to epiphysis
  2. Proliferating cartilage: young cells undergoing mitosis
  3. Hypertrophic cartilage: thickens epiphyseal plate, lengthening bone, matrix calcifies
  4. Calcified cartilage: dead cartilage and calcified matrix
155
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

break down calcified matrix

156
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

replace cartilage with bone tissue

157
Q

Bone resorption: (blast or clast)

A

removal of bone; osteoclast

158
Q

Bone deposition: (blast or clast)

A

formation of bone; osteoblasts

159
Q

Describe the 4 steps in fracture repair. (H,C,B,R)

A
  1. Hematoma: large blood clot
  2. Cartilaginous callus: phagocyte remove debris
  3. Bony callus: osteoblast invade, hard callus fills space
  4. Remodeling: bone restores close to original shape
160
Q

Hematopoiesis:

A

blood cell formation

161
Q

Where does blood cell production occur?

A

red bone marrow

162
Q

Osteoporosis:

A

loss of bone mineralization

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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