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A&P 1 > Ch 10 > Flashcards

Ch 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Detects changes, makes decisions, stimulates muscles and glands to respond, and maintains homeostasis:

A

nervous system

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2
Q

React to changes and sends nerve impulses for communication:

A

neurons

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3
Q

Surround and support neurons, nourish neurons, sends and receive messages, help and maintain blood brain barrier

A

neuroglia

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4
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What is the PNS made up of?

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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6
Q

The sensory division of PNS takes impulses where?

A

to the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

The motor division of PNS takes impulses where?

A

away from the brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Somatic nervous system:

A

skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Autonomic nervous system:

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

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10
Q

Sensory functions do what?

A

receive info

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11
Q

The integrative function does what?

A

coordinates sensory info to create sensations

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12
Q

Motor function does what?

A

decisions are acted upon

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13
Q

This is a division of motor protons of PNS that transmits voluntary instructions to skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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14
Q

This is a division of motor protons of PNS that transmits involuntary instructions from the CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands

A

autonomic nervous system

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15
Q

T or F neurons vary in size and shape

A

T

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16
Q

Contains nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, neurofilaments, chromatophilic substance:

A

cell body

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17
Q

Branched receptive surfaces:

A

dendrites

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18
Q

Transmits impulses and releases neurotransmitters to another neuron:

A

axon

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19
Q

What are Schwann cells composed of?

A

myelin and myelin sheath

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20
Q

PNS neuroglia that encase axons in a sheath:

A

Schwann cells

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21
Q

Gaps in myelin sheath between Schwann cells:

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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22
Q

In the PNS have a series of Schwann cells lined up along the axon, each having a wrapped coating of myelin insulating the axon:

A

myelinated axons

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23
Q

Are encased by Schwann cell cytoplasm, but there is no wrapped coating of myelin surrounding the axons:

A

unmyelinated axons

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24
Q

Multipolar neurons, bipolar neurons, and unipolar neurons are classification of neurons by what?

A

structure

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25
Q

99% of neurons, many processes (dendrites), most neurons of CNS:

A

multipolar neurons

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26
Q

Two processes and consists of eyes, ears, nose:

A

bipolar neurons

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27
Q

One process, cell bodies are in ganglia, sensory:

A

unipolar neurons

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28
Q

Sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons are classification of neurons by what?

A

function

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29
Q

Carry impulses to CNS, most are unipolar, some are bipolar:

A

sensory neurons

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30
Q

Link neurons, multipolar, located in CNS:

A

interneurons

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31
Q

Multipolar, carry impulses away from CNS, carry impulses to effectors:

A

motor neurons

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32
Q

What are 3 general functions of neuroglia?

A
  • provide structural support for neurons
  • produce growth factors to nourish neurons
  • aid in formation of synapses
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33
Q

Connects neurons to blood vessels, form scar tissue, regulate ion concentration, part of blood brain barrier:

A

astrocytes

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34
Q

Myelinated CNS axons and provide structural support:

A

oligodendrocytes

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35
Q

Phagocytic cell and provides structural support:

A

microglia

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36
Q

Lines central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain, help regulate composition of cerebrospinal fluid:

A

ependyma

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37
Q

Speed up nerve impulse transmission:

A

Schwann cells

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38
Q

Support clusters of neuron cell bodies:

A

Satellite cells

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39
Q

When does a neuron die?

A

when cell body is injured

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40
Q

(Neuron Regeneration of PNS) If a peripheral axon is injured, it may what?

A

regenerate

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41
Q

(Neuron Regeneration of PNS) Schwann cells and _______ remain.

A

neurilemma

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42
Q

(Neuron Regeneration of CNS) What do CNS axons lack?

A

neurilemma

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43
Q

(Neuron Regeneration of CNS) Is regenerating likely in this?

A

No

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44
Q

How do neurons communicate with each other?

A

synapses

45
Q

A site at which a neuron transmits a nerve impulse to another neuron:

A

synapse

46
Q

Send impulses:

A

presynaptic neuron

47
Q

Receives impulses:

A

postsynaptic neuron

48
Q

What separates these two neurons?

A

synaptic cleft

49
Q

How does synaptic transmission work:

A

impulse travels down axon of presynaptic neuron

50
Q

When impulse in synaptic transmission reaches synaptic knob, causes influx of ________.

A

Ca+2

51
Q

This leaves to the release of what?

A

neurotransmitters

52
Q

Electrically charged:

A

polarized

53
Q

The inside of the membrane is what kind of charge?

The outside of the membrane is what kind of charge?

A

negative, positive

54
Q

Major intracellular positive ions:

A

K+ ions

55
Q

Major extracellular positive ions:

A

Na+ ions

56
Q

Transports 3 Na+ ions out of cell and 2 K+ ions into cell:

A

Na+/K+ Pump

57
Q

Formed by membrane proteins, help regulate passage of specific ions into or out of cell:

A

Ion channels

58
Q

Resting neuron is one that is do what?

A

not being stimulated

59
Q

_____ potential difference form inside to outside of cell

A

70 mV

60
Q

In a polarized membrane more K+ ions are ________ and more Na+ ions are ______ of the cell.

A

inside, outside

61
Q

Neurons are what kind of cells?

A

excitable

62
Q

When membrane potential becomes more negative, the membrane is:

A

hyperpolarized

63
Q

When membrane potential becomes less negative, the membrane is:

A

depolarized

64
Q

When does action potential occur?

A

if degree of depolarization reaches threshold potential

65
Q

At rest, the membrane is:

A

polarized (RMP= -70)

66
Q

Threshold stimulus:

A

reached (-55 mV)

67
Q

Sodium channels open and membrane:

A

depolarizes

68
Q

Potassium leaves cytoplasm and membrane:

A

repolarizes

69
Q

Action potentials are propagated down the length of the axon as:

A

nerve impulses

70
Q

An action potential is a what kind of response?

A

all or none

71
Q

If a neuron axon responds at all, it responds:

A

completely

72
Q

All impulses carried on an axon are:

A

the same strength

73
Q

Stimulus of greater intensity produce what kind of frequency of action potentials?

A

higher

74
Q

During an impulse, the portion of the axon actively conducting the action potential is not able to respond to another threshold stimulus of normal strength:

A

refractory period

75
Q
  • Time when threshold stimulus cannot generate another action potential:
  • Voltage-gated Na+ channels are briefly unresponsive:
A

absolute refractory period

76
Q
  • Time when only high-intensity stimulus can generate another action potential:
  • Repolarization is not complete:
A

relative refractory period

77
Q

Refractory period _________ number of action potentials generated per second.

A

limits

78
Q

The speed of impulse conduction varies with:

A

myelination

79
Q

Myelin is rich in lipids, and prevents water and water-soluble substance from crossing membrane; acts as

A

electrical insulator

80
Q

Ions can cross membrane only through gaps in myelin sheath called:

A

Nodes of Ranvier

81
Q

Myelinated axons transmits impulses through _______ _______ in which action potentials “jump” from node to node down the axon.

A

saltatory conduction

82
Q

What also affects conduction speed?

A

axon diameter

83
Q

Thick or thin axons transmit faster?

A

thick

84
Q
  • Reduces gradient for K+ to leave cell
  • Threshold potential reached with stimulus of lower intensity
  • Leads to excitable neurons, perhaps convulsions
A

increase in concentration of K+

85
Q
  • Neurons can become hyper polarized
  • Action potentials are not generated
  • Lack of impulses leads to muscle paralysis
A

decrease in concentration of K+

86
Q
  • Can be caused by some anesthetic drugs
  • Stops impulses from passing through tissue fluid around axon
  • Impulses do not reach brain
  • There is no perception of touch and pain
A

Decrease in permeability to Na+ ions

87
Q

Transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to another:

A

synaptic transmission

88
Q

Local potentials resulting from changes in chemically gated ion channels are called:

A

synaptic potential

89
Q

Increase permeability to Na+ ions, bring membrane closer to threshold, increase likelihood of generating impulses:

A

excitatory neurotransmitters

90
Q

Move membrane farther from threshold, decrease likelihood of generating impulses:

A

inhibitory neurotransmitters

91
Q
  • Membrane change in which neurotransmitters opens Na+ channels
  • Depolarizes membrane
  • Action potential in postsynaptic neuron becomes more likely
A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

92
Q
  • Membrane change in which neurotransmitter opens K+ channels
  • Hyperpolarizes membrane
  • Action potential of postsynaptic neuron becomes less likely
A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

93
Q

EPSPs and IPSPs are added together in a process called:

A

summation

94
Q

This leads to greater probability of an action potential:

A

net excitatory effect

95
Q

This does not generate action potential:

A

net inhibitory

96
Q

Summation of all inputs usually occurs where?

A

The trigger zone

97
Q

Where are neurotransmitters produced?

A

rough ER and cytoplasm

98
Q

When impulse reaches synaptic knob of axon, neurotransmitters are released by __________.

A

exocytosis

99
Q
  • Process of membrane recycling
  • Synaptic vesicle becomes part of cell membrane as it releases neurotransmitters
  • Endocytosis returns membrane to cytoplasm; forms new vesicles
A

vesicle trafficking

100
Q

Neurons in brain or spinal cord synthesize what?

A

neuropeptides

101
Q

Some neuropeptides act as what?

A

neurotransmitters

102
Q

Substances which alter a neuron’s response to a neurotransmitter or block the release of a neurotransmitter:

A

neuromodulators

103
Q

Human body produces opiated called:

A

endorphins

104
Q

Groups of interneurons that make synaptic connections with each other, and are located completely within the CNS:

A

neuronal pools

105
Q
  • Increased neurotransmitter release, resulting from repeated impulses on excitatory presynaptic neurons
  • Increases likelihood that postsynaptic cell will reach threshold
A

facilitation

106
Q
  • One neuron receives input from several neurons

- Makes it possible for a neuron to sum impulses from different sources

A

convergence

107
Q
  • One neuron sends impulses to several neurons, via branching of its axon
  • Can amplify an impulse
  • Activate several motor units in skeletal muscle
A

divergence

108
Q

A drug that binds to receptor, and blocks neurotransmitter binding:

A

antagonist

109
Q

A drug that activates receptor, causing action potential or aiding in binding of neurotransmitter:

A

agonist

A&P 1 (8 decks)

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