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Anesthesia > Ch 7 > Flashcards

Ch 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Assisted ventilation

A

A type of ventilation in which the anesthetist ensures that an adequate volume of air is delivered to the patient, although the patient initiates each inspiration.

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2
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of a portion or all of one or both lungs.

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3
Q

Bagging

A

Inflating the patient’s lungs by squeezing the reservoir bag. Manual positive pressure ventilation.

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4
Q

Cauda equina

A

A group of nerves located at the caudal termination of the spinal cord in the spinal canal. so called because they visually resemble a horses tail.

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5
Q

controlled ventilation

A

A type of ventilation in which the anesthetist controls the respiratory rate, the tidal volume, and the peak inspiratory pressure. in this type of ventilation, the patient does not make spontaneous respiratory efforts.

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6
Q

epidural anesthesia

A

Regional anesthesia produced by injection of a local anesthetic or analgesic into the epidural space surrounding the spinal cord.

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7
Q

eutectic mixture

A

A mixture of two substances with a melting point that is lower than the individual melting points. In the case of lidocaine and prilocaine, which are both solids at room temp, mixture of the two drugs results in an oil that has a melting point of 16 C.

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8
Q

infiltration

A

Injection of local anesthetic into tissues, often in proximity to a nerve.

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9
Q

intermittent mandatory ventilation

A

Positive pressure ventilation throughout the entire anesthetic period as the sole source of the patient’s ventilatory needs.

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10
Q

line block

A

Injection of a continuous line of local anesthetic in the subcutaneous or subcuticular tissues immediately proximal to the target area

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11
Q

Local anesthesia

A

A loss of sensation in a small area of the body produced by administration of a local anesthetic agent in proximity to the area of interest.

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12
Q

manual ventilation

A

Forced delivery of oxygen and anesthetic gases by squeezing of the reservoir bag of the anesthetic machine. May be used to provide periodic or intermittent mandatory ventilation.

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13
Q

mechanical ventilation

A

Forced delivery of oxygen and anesthetic gases by use of a mechanical ventilator. usually used to provide intermittent mandatory ventilation.

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14
Q

motor neurons

A

A neuron that conveys impulses from the brain to muscle fibers and is responsible for initiating and controlling voluntary movements.

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15
Q

nerve block

A

Loss of sensation in a particular anatomic site, produced by injection of local anesthetic in proximity to a nerve.

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16
Q

paralysis

A

Inability to move a particular muscle group or body part such as a limb because of loss of nerve function. May also involve a loss of sensation in the affected part.

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17
Q

paresis

A

Weakness of a body part caused by loss of nerve function. Partial paralysis

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18
Q

paresthesia

A

An abnormal sensation of tingling, pain, or irritation, that may be apparent during recovery from local anesthesia.

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19
Q

Positive pressure ventilation

A

PPV; any procedure by which the anesthetist assists or controls the delivery of oxygen and anesthetic gas to the patient’s lungs. Includes both manual and mechanical ventilation.

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20
Q

Respiratory minute volume

A

RMV: the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs in a minute. The tidal volume multiplied by the respiratory rate.

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21
Q

Ring block

A

A type of line block that completely encircles an anatomic part, such as a digit or teat.

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22
Q

Scoliosis

A

lateral curvature of the spine. Seen in cattle that have had a paravertebral block

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23
Q

sensory neurons

A

A neuron that conveys sensations (pain, heat, cold, and pressure) from the skin, muscles, and other peripheral tissues to the brain.

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24
Q

splash block

A

Local anesthesia produced by direct application of local anesthetic to a wound or open surgical site. Most often applied as a spray or with a soaked gauze sponge.

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25
Q

sympathetic blockade

A

Loss of function of sympathetic nerves supplying the heart and blood vessels resulting from diffusion of local anesthetic into the thoracic spinal cord. Signs include bradycardia, decreased cardiac output, and hypotension. Blockade of the caudal sympathetic nerves results in less severe hypotension and tachycardia.

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26
Q

tidal volume

A

The volume of a normal breath (approximately 10 to 15ml/kg body weight)

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27
Q

In the healthy awake animal, the main stimulus to breath is the result of

A

Excess carbon dioxide concentration in the blood

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28
Q

In the healthy awake animal, exhalation lasts at least ____times as long as inhalation

A

2 times

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29
Q

The normal Vt in an awake animal is________ml/kg

A

10 to 15

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30
Q

In the anesthetized animal that is breathing room air the anesthetist may expect to see

A

an increased PaCO2 and a decrease in the PaO2

31
Q

When used in a line block, a local anesthetic agent will have a direct effect on the

A

peripheral nervous system

32
Q

Local anesthetics block transmission of nerve impulses from the

A

sensory, motor, and autonomic neurons

33
Q

Local anesthetic agents work because

A

they interfere with the movement of sodium ions

34
Q

when a local anesthetic is injected around a single major nerve, the procedure is referred to as an

A

infiltration nerve block

35
Q

Epinephrine may be mixed with a local anesthetic agent to prolong the effects of the drug

A

True

36
Q

when performing an epidural one must be aware that the spinal cord in a cat may extend as far caudally as

A

S1

37
Q

The maximum subcutaneous dose of lidocaine for a dog is _____mg/kg

A

10mg/kg

38
Q

When performing intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier block) one should use lidocaine

A

without epinephrine

39
Q

The term atelectasis refers to

A

collapse of the alveoli

40
Q

what is the most common acid base abnormality in anesthetized patients

A

Respiratory acidosis

41
Q

When intermittent mandatory manual ventilation is applied to a patient that is connected to a circle system with a precision vaporizer it is customary to

A

decrease the vaporizer setting

42
Q

which of the following can be used to monitor anesthetic depth in a patient that has been given a neuromuscular blocking agent?

A

heart rate

43
Q

A neuromuscular blocking agent will not only paralyze skeletal muscle but also provide some analgesia

A

false

44
Q

when an animal is given a ____ neuromuscular blocking drug, an initial surge of muscle activity may be seen before there is paralysis of the muscles

A

Depolarizing

45
Q

The muscle type that is most affected by neuromuscular blocking agents is

A

skeletal muscle

46
Q

Both depolarizing and nondepolarizing drugs can be reversed

A

False

47
Q

Problems that may result from excessive controlled ventilation may incllude

A

decreased cardiac output
a state of respiratory alkalosis
ruptured alveoli

48
Q

Local anesthetic agents such as lidocaine or proparacaine work well when applied

A

topically on MM
Topically on the cornea
through injection

49
Q

Factors that may interfere with the action of local anesthetic agents include

A

fat
scar tissue
hemorrhage

50
Q

Clinical signs of systemic toxicity from a local anesthetic agent may include

A

sedation
convulsions
muscle twitching
respiratory depression

51
Q

The effects that could result from an epidural anesthetic if the drug reached the thoracic and cervical spinal cord include

A

sympathetic blockade
paralysis of intercostal muscles paralysis of the diaphragm
hypertension

52
Q

What is an adverse effect of halogenated inhalation anesthetic

A

Decreased cardiac output

53
Q

The drug ketamine falls into what class of drug

A

dissociatives

54
Q

What is an adverse effect of alfaxalone

A

apnea

55
Q

What is an example of a class II drug

A

oxymorphone

56
Q

paresthesia refers to what

A

An abnormal tingling sensation during recovery

57
Q

What opioids can cause a histamine release when given IV.

A

Morphine

58
Q

Neuromuscular blocking agents are used for many ophthalmic procedures because they

A

prevent movement of the eyeball and cause it to remain in a central rather than ventral location

59
Q

Controlled ventilation may cause damage to the

A

lungs

60
Q

Local anesthetics affect which part of the body

A

neurons

61
Q

of the volatile anesthetics commonly used in vet anesthesia _____ is considered to have the fewest adverse cardiovascular effects

A

isoflurane

62
Q

Which of the following has a wide margin of safety in both cats and dogs

A

etomidate

63
Q

Any procedure where the anesthetist assists or controls the delivery of oxygen and anesthetic gas to the patients lungs is known as _________ ventilation

A

positive pressure

64
Q

Why should you aspirate before injecting a local anesthetic

A

To avoid IV injection

65
Q

Myoclonus is a potential side effect of which drug

A

etomidate

66
Q

What opioids are also antagonist at the NMDA receptor

A

methadone

67
Q

What type of drug will potentiate the effects of opioids in surgical patients

A

tranquilizers

68
Q

alpha 2 agonists agents are metabolized by the

A

liver

69
Q

The tendency of a drug to dissolve in fats or oils is referred to as

A

lipid solubility

70
Q

nitrous oxide ________ the mac of other agents

A

decreases

71
Q

which type of anesthetic is characterized by catalepsy

A

dissociative anesthetics

72
Q

What regional anesthetic technique is used as an alternative to line block for standing laparotomy in cattle?

A

paravertebral anesthesia

73
Q

What is an example of a drug that is reversible using naloxone

A

morphine (opioids)

Anesthesia (8 decks)

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