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Psychology > Ch. 7 > Flashcards

Ch. 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is learning?

A

Lasting change as a result of practice, study, or experience. It has to be inferred from behaviour.

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of learning?

A

Associative learning and non-associative learning.

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3
Q

What is associative learning?

A

A change as a result of experience where 2/+ stimuli become linked.

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4
Q

What is non-associative learning?

A

Learning that does not involve forming associations between stimuli; it is change resulting from experiences with a single theory.

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5
Q

What is dishabituation? (Non-associative learning)

A

Learning whereby there is a recovery of attention to a novel stimulus following habitation.

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6
Q

What is habituation? (Non-associative learning)

A

Weakening of response to a stimulus after repeated presentation.

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7
Q

What is sensitization?(Non-associative learning)

A

A strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of weaker stimuli.

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8
Q

What 2 connections are formed between 2/+ stimuli in associative learning?

A

1) Classical Conditioning
2) Operant Conditioning

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9
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

The association of 2 stimuli.
Founded by Ivan Pavlov

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10
Q

What was Ivan Pavlov’s study?

A

He studied his dog and when he would salivate. He learned that it wasn’t just the food that would cause the dog to salivate, but to the guy in the white coat who gave the food when he appeared.
The dog is anticipating to be getting something he wants.

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11
Q

What is unconditioned stimulus?

A

A stimulus that on its own elicits response.
E.x. food

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12
Q

What is unconditioned response?

A

A physical response elicited by an unconditional stimulus; it does not need to be learned.
E.x. salivation.

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13
Q

What is conditional response?

A

A neutral stimulus that eventually elicits the same response as an unconditioned stimulus with which it has been paired.
E.x. bell

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14
Q

What is acquisition?

A
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15
Q

What is stimulus generalization?

A

When similar stimuli elicit the same response as a conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning has occurred.

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16
Q

What are 2 major conditioning processes?

A

Stimulus discrimination
High-order conditioning.

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17
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

An organism learns to emit a specific behaviour in the presence of a stimulus, but not in the presence of stimuli similar to the original stimulus.

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18
Q

What is high-order conditioning?

A

Occurs when a previously conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus for further conditioning.

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19
Q

What are phobias?

A

Persistent, irrational or obsessive fear of a specific object/situation that may arise as a result of fear conditioning.

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20
Q

What is systematic desensitization?

A

A process used to condition extinction of phobias through gradual exposure to the feared object/situation.

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21
Q

What is conditioned taste aversion?

A

A form of classical conditioning where a previously neutral stimulus (often an order or taste) elicits an aversive reaction after it’s paired with illness (nausea).

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22
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A form of associative learning where behaviour is modified depending on its consequences.

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23
Q

What is law of effect?

A

Behaviours leading to rewards are more likely to occur again, while behaviours producing unpleasantness are less likely to occur again.

24
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

The systematic study and manipulation of observable behaviour.
Founded by B.F. Skinner
Organisms don’t simply respond to the environment, but rather they exert influence (or “operate”) on it.

25
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

An experience that produces an increase in a certain behaviour.

26
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Presentation of pleasant consequences following a behaviour will reoccur.

27
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response to increase the probability that the behaviour will reoccur.

28
Q

What is punishment?

A

An experience that produces a decrease in certain behaviour.

29
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Presentation of an unpleasant consequence following a behaviour to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated.

30
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Removal of a pleasant stimulus as a consequence of a behaviour to decrease the probability of the behaviour being repeated.

31
Q

Positive reinforcement vs. positive punishment:

A

(+)R: Giving a child a sticker for peeing on the potty.
(+)P: Yelling at a child if they pee on the potty.
(In both examples, you are adding something - praise/yelling).

32
Q

Negative reinforcement vs. Negative Punishment

A
33
Q

What are types of reinforcers?

A

Primary reinforcers
Secondary reinforcers

34
Q

What are primary reinforcers?

A

A stimulus that has survival value and it therefor intrinsically rewarding.
E.g. food, water, termination of pain.

35
Q

What are secondary reinforcers?

A

A neutral stimulus that becomes rewarding when associated with a primary reinforcer.
E.g. Working earns money, which can be used for food and comfort.
Good grade provide praise and approval.

36
Q

What is primary punisher?

A

A stimulus that is naturally aversive to an organism.
E.x. slapping, electric shock, extreme temperatures.

37
Q

What is secondary punisher?

A

A stimulus that becomes aversive when associated with a primary punisher.
E.x. Disapproval, criticism, bad grades.

38
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

Behaviour is reinforced every time it occurs.

39
Q

What is intermittent reinforcement?

A

Behaviour is only followed by reinforcement some of the time.

40
Q

Ratio schedule: What is fixed ratio schedule?

A

Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses.
High rate of responding but with pauses.

41
Q

Ratio schedule: What is variable ratio schedule

A

Reinforcement occurs after varying lengths of time.

42
Q

What is shaping?

A

Introducing new behaviour by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behaviour until the complete behavioural sequence emerges.
- Training a dog to roll over.

43
Q

What is behaviour modification?

A

A systematic approach to change behaviour using principles of operant conditioning.
- Teaching new academic, athletic, or social skills.
- Modifying undesirable behaviours.

44
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

A situation in which repeated exposure to in escapable punishment eventually produces a failure to make escape attempts.

45
Q

What is observational learning/social learning?

A

Occurs without overt training in response to watching the behaviour of other, called models.

46
Q

What is modelling?

A

Occurs when an observer learns from the behaviour of another.

47
Q

What is vicarious learning?

A

Occurs when an individual observes the consequences to another’s actions and then chooses to duplicate the behaviour/refrain from doing so.

48
Q

What is implicit learning?

A

Refers to the acquisition of information without awareness.
- Learning to talk/walk.

49
Q

What is latent learning?

A

Occurs without reinforcement and is not used until called for; it is not a result of conditioning.

50
Q

What is insight learning?

A

A sudden realization of a solution to a problem/leap in understanding new concepts

51
Q

What are factors that facilitate learning?

A

Timing
Context Effect
Awareness and attention
Sleep
Prenatal learning

52
Q

What is timing?

A

Multiple exposures separated by time facilitate learning facts.

53
Q

What is context effect

A

Studying in several different locations increases the likelihood that you will form strong memories about the information.

54
Q

What is awareness and attention?

A

Multi-tasking reduces overall performance
Some types of learning can occur without awareness.
If information is inherently contradictory, attending to one stimulus can block our ability to attend to the relevant one.

55
Q

What is sleep?

A

Sleep deprivation impairs our abilities to pay attention and learn.
Sleep deprivation can prevent learned information from moving into more permanent long-term memory storage.

56
Q
A

Psychology (6 decks)

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