Ch. 7

Question 1

Define metabolism

Answer 1

The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms

Question 2

Define metabolic rate

Answer 2

An animal’s rate at which it converts chemical-bond energy to heat and external work

Question 3

Define closed system

Answer 3

Physical system that doesn’t allow transfer of matter in or out of the system, although the transfer of energy is allowed

Question 4

Define open system

Answer 4

Physical system that does allow the transfer of matter in and out of the system, including the transfer of energy

Question 5

Define chemical energy

Answer 5

Energy that is liberated or required when atoms are rearranged into new configurations - in animals, food

Question 6

Define electrical energy

Answer 6

Energy that a system possesses by virtue of the separation of positive and negative electrical charges

Question 7

Define mechanical energy

Answer 7

Energy of organized motion in which many molecules move simultaneously in the same direction

Question 8

Define absorbed energy

Answer 8

Energy of compounds that an animal absorbs from its digestive tract

Question 9

Define work

Answer 9

Energy transferred from one system to another

Question 10

Define basal metabolic rate

Answer 10

Metabolic rate of a warm-blooded animal when it is resting and fasting

Question 11

Define standard metabolic rate

Answer 11

Metabolic rate of a cold-blooded animal when it is resting and fasting

Question 12

Define weight-specific metabolic rate

Answer 12

An animal’s metabolic rate per unit of weight

Question 13

Define metabolic scaling

Answer 13

Relationship that exists between metabolic rate and body weight within sets of related species (i.e., small animal with higher metabolism vs large animal with lower metabolism)

Question 14

Define allometry

Answer 14

Scaling of body functions and features with size

Question 15

Define specific dynamic action

Answer 15

A rise in the metabolic rate of an animal caused by the processing of ingested food

Question 16

The second law of thermodynamics states that _____________________.

Answer 16

the total entropy of a closed system can never decrease over time

Question 17

Low randomness and disorder are related to ________ entropy.

Answer 17

low

Question 18

High randomness and disorder are related to ________ entropy.

Answer 18

high

Question 19

Closed systems spontaneously evolve towards ___________________, then returns to ________________.

Answer 19

thermodynamic equilibrium; disorder

Question 20

Define energy

Answer 20

Capacity to do work

Question 21

What’s the difference between heat and temperature?

Answer 21

Heat: level of energy within an object
Temperature: overall vibration of molecules within an object

Question 22

Define potential energy

Answer 22

The energy that is stored in an object due to its position relative to some zero position

Question 23

Define kinetic energy

Answer 23

Energy of motion

Question 24

What is the most common energy input in animals?

Answer 24

Ingested chemical energy (Food)

Question 25

Define energy inefficiency

Answer 25

Energy loss from factors such as imperfect reactions, bouncing molecules, and a trend to disorganization

Question 26

Define calorie

Answer 26

Unit of energy determining how much energy can be extracted from food

Question 27

Describe Lavoisier’s direct calorimeter

Answer 27

A small animal was kept in a metal container covered in two layers of ice. Released heat by the animal melts the inner layer of ice, dripping down to the bottom bowl to be measured.

Question 28

As the metabolic rate increases, released energy (heat) ________________.

Answer 28

increases

Question 29

How is energy inefficiency indirectly measured?

Answer 29

Respiration; the heat offset based off the breakdown of glucose is known

Question 30

List the foodstuff in order of energy required to process, most to least.

Answer 30

Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates

Question 31

How do you measure net growth efficiency?

Answer 31

NGE = (energy added to tissue) / (absorbed energy)

Question 32

Metabolic rate equation

Answer 32

M = aW^b

Question 33

Weight-specific metabolic rate equation

Answer 33

M/W = aW^(b-1)

Question 34

_____-blooded animals require more energy

Answer 34

Warm

Question 35

_____-blooded animals require less energy

Answer 35

Cold

Question 36

High SA:Vol leads to high _____________ and low ____________.

Answer 36

metabolic rate; waste/material exchange