Ch. 16

Question 1

Define hormone

Answer 1

Chemical substance produced and released by endocrine cells

Question 2

Define endocrine gland

Answer 2

Discrete endocrine organ

Question 3

Define paracrine

Answer 3

Locally-acting chemical signal that binds to receptors and exerts a regulatory effect on cells in the neighborhood of the cell that released it

Question 4

Define autocrine

Answer 4

Chemical signal that acts within the same cell that released it

Question 5

Define steroid

Answer 5

A hormone derived from dietary cholesterol

Question 6

Define peptide hormone

Answer 6

A hormone derived from assemblages of amino acids

Question 7

Define amine hormone

Answer 7

A hormone derived from a specific amino acid

Question 8

Define catecholamine

Answer 8

Amine hormone derived from tyrosine; structure of only one benzene (i.e., dopamine, epinephrine)

Question 9

Define iodothyronine

Answer 9

Amine hormone derived from tyrosine; structure of two benzenes (i.e., thyroxine, triiodothyronine)

Question 10

Define neurohemal organ

Answer 10

Organ made up of axon terminals of neurosecretory cells in association with a well-developed bed of capillaries or other circulatory specializations, in which the axon terminals store neurohormones and secrete them into the blood (i.e., pituitary gland)

Question 11

Define the two parts of the pituitary gland.

Answer 11

1. Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe): non-neural origin
2. Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe): neural origin

Question 12

Define vasopressin (ADH)

Answer 12

Posterior pituitary hormone produced by most mammals that regulates water balance in the body (i.e., urine volume)

Question 13

Define oxytocin

Answer 13

Posterior pituitary hormone produced by most mammals that regulates reproduction (i.e., uterus contraction) and social behaviors

Question 14

Define tropic hormones

Answer 14

Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary that control endocrine tissue (i.e., ACTH -> adrenal cortex)

Question 15

Define directing acting

Answer 15

Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary that control non-endocrine tissue (i.e., prolactin -> mammary glands)

Question 16

Define synergism

Answer 16

One hormone amplifies the effect of another

Question 17

Define antagonism

Answer 17

One hormone opposes the action of another

Question 18

Define permissiveness

Answer 18

One hormone is required for action of another

Question 19

Explain why negative feedback is necessary in the endocrine system.

Answer 19

Some hormones can be stable for days, so negative feedback needs to be in place to stop certain reactions/binding from happening.

Question 20

Define HPA axis

Answer 20

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
(1) CRH and vasopressin produced by hypothalamus
(2) ACTH produced by anterior pituitary
(3) Glucocorticoids produced by adrenal cortex
(4) Target tissues: muscle, bone, liver, adipose tissue, immune system, vasoconstriction

Question 21

Define CRH

Answer 21

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

Question 22

Define ACTH

Answer 22

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 23

Define adrenal gland

Answer 23

The endocrine organs located behind the kidneys

Question 24

Define glucocorticoid

Answer 24

Steroid hormones produced from the cortex of adrenal glands

Question 25

Define insulin

Answer 25

Pancreatic hormone that promotes glucose storage and reduces blood glucose levels

Question 26

Define glucagon

Answer 26

Pancreatic hormone. that promotes glucose release from storage and elevated blood glucose levels

Question 27

Define ectocrine

Answer 27

Chemical signal that acts outside the body (i.e., pheromones, kairomones)

Question 28

Melatonin is a _______________ (type of hormone) derived from __________________.

Answer 28

amine, tryptophan

Question 29

What types of hormones are lipid-soluble?

Answer 29

Steroids and amine hormones produced by the thyroid gland

Question 30

Lipid solubility allows what type of secretion into cells?

Answer 30

Simple diffusion through lipid bilayer

Question 31

Define the half life of a hormone

Answer 31

Survival time after release

Question 32

Name the four ways a hormone can enter a cell

Answer 32

1. Intracellular receptors 2. G protein-coupled receptors 3. Enzyme-linked receptor 4. Simple diffusion

Question 33

Which pituitary lobe has neural origins?

Answer 33

Posterior

Question 34

Which pituitary lobe has non-neural origins?

Answer 34

Anterior

Question 35

Describe the mechanism of transduction in the posterior pituitary.

Answer 35

Neurons directly stemming from the hypothalamus extend through the posterior lobe. Hormones are released into the bloodstream.

Question 36

Describe the mechanism of transduction in the anterior pituitary.

Answer 36

Neurons stemming from the hypothalamus immediately release hormones into portal vessels, which carry into the anterior lobe. These hormones stimulate different hormone production within the anterior lobe, which re-enter the bloodstream for outflow.

Question 37

How does increased insulin impact the blood glucose?

Answer 37

Decreased blood glucose (increased storage)

Question 38

How does insulin and glucagon interact and impact blood glucose?

Answer 38

Antagonistic; no effects on BG when compared to only insulin

Question 39

How does insulin and epinephrine interact and impact blood glucose?

Answer 39

Epinephrine increases BG slightly since glucose is needed in fight/flight stimulated by epinephrine (adrenaline).

Question 40

How does insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine interact and impact blood glucose?

Answer 40

Since glucagon and epinephrine are synergistic, they act against insulin and increase the BG.

Question 41

After a high-carb meal, glucagon concentration is ________ and insulin concentration is ___________.

Answer 41

low, high

Question 42

After a high-protein meal, glucagon concentration is ________ and insulin concentration is ___________.

Answer 42

high, low

Question 43

Why does glucagon concentration increase after a high-protein meal?

Answer 43

Glucose needs to be catabolized to produce enough ATP to break down and process dietary amino acids

Question 44

Which organ detects ectocrines?

Answer 44

Vomeronasal organ