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BIOL 436 > Ch. 16 > Flashcards

Ch. 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Define hormone

A

Chemical substance produced and released by endocrine cells

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2
Q

Define endocrine gland

A

Discrete endocrine organ

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3
Q

Define paracrine

A

Locally-acting chemical signal that binds to receptors and exerts a regulatory effect on cells in the neighborhood of the cell that released it

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4
Q

Define autocrine

A

Chemical signal that acts within the same cell that released it

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5
Q

Define steroid

A

A hormone derived from dietary cholesterol

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6
Q

Define peptide hormone

A

A hormone derived from assemblages of amino acids

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7
Q

Define amine hormone

A

A hormone derived from a specific amino acid

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8
Q

Define catecholamine

A

Amine hormone derived from tyrosine; structure of only one benzene (i.e., dopamine, epinephrine)

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9
Q

Define iodothyronine

A

Amine hormone derived from tyrosine; structure of two benzenes (i.e., thyroxine, triiodothyronine)

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10
Q

Define neurohemal organ

A

Organ made up of axon terminals of neurosecretory cells in association with a well-developed bed of capillaries or other circulatory specializations, in which the axon terminals store neurohormones and secrete them into the blood (i.e., pituitary gland)

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11
Q

Define the two parts of the pituitary gland.

A
  1. Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe): non-neural origin
  2. Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe): neural origin
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12
Q

Define vasopressin (ADH)

A

Posterior pituitary hormone produced by most mammals that regulates water balance in the body (i.e., urine volume)

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13
Q

Define oxytocin

A

Posterior pituitary hormone produced by most mammals that regulates reproduction (i.e., uterus contraction) and social behaviors

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14
Q

Define tropic hormones

A

Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary that control endocrine tissue (i.e., ACTH -> adrenal cortex)

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15
Q

Define directing acting

A

Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary that control non-endocrine tissue (i.e., prolactin -> mammary glands)

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16
Q

Define synergism

A

One hormone amplifies the effect of another

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17
Q

Define antagonism

A

One hormone opposes the action of another

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18
Q

Define permissiveness

A

One hormone is required for action of another

19
Q

Explain why negative feedback is necessary in the endocrine system.

A

Some hormones can be stable for days, so negative feedback needs to be in place to stop certain reactions/binding from happening.

20
Q

Define HPA axis

A

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
(1) CRH and vasopressin produced by hypothalamus
(2) ACTH produced by anterior pituitary
(3) Glucocorticoids produced by adrenal cortex
(4) Target tissues: muscle, bone, liver, adipose tissue, immune system, vasoconstriction

21
Q

Define CRH

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

22
Q

Define ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

23
Q

Define adrenal gland

A

The endocrine organs located behind the kidneys

24
Q

Define glucocorticoid

A

Steroid hormones produced from the cortex of adrenal glands

25
Q

Define insulin

A

Pancreatic hormone that promotes glucose storage and reduces blood glucose levels

26
Q

Define glucagon

A

Pancreatic hormone. that promotes glucose release from storage and elevated blood glucose levels

27
Q

Define ectocrine

A

Chemical signal that acts outside the body (i.e., pheromones, kairomones)

28
Q

Melatonin is a _______________ (type of hormone) derived from __________________.

A

amine, tryptophan

29
Q

What types of hormones are lipid-soluble?

A

Steroids and amine hormones produced by the thyroid gland

30
Q

Lipid solubility allows what type of secretion into cells?

A

Simple diffusion through lipid bilayer

31
Q

Define the half life of a hormone

A

Survival time after release

32
Q

Name the four ways a hormone can enter a cell

A
  1. Intracellular receptors
  2. G protein-coupled receptors
  3. Enzyme-linked receptor
  4. Simple diffusion
33
Q

Which pituitary lobe has neural origins?

A

Posterior

34
Q

Which pituitary lobe has non-neural origins?

A

Anterior

35
Q

Describe the mechanism of transduction in the posterior pituitary.

A

Neurons directly stemming from the hypothalamus extend through the posterior lobe. Hormones are released into the bloodstream.

36
Q

Describe the mechanism of transduction in the anterior pituitary.

A

Neurons stemming from the hypothalamus immediately release hormones into portal vessels, which carry into the anterior lobe. These hormones stimulate different hormone production within the anterior lobe, which re-enter the bloodstream for outflow.

37
Q

How does increased insulin impact the blood glucose?

A

Decreased blood glucose (increased storage)

38
Q

How does insulin and glucagon interact and impact blood glucose?

A

Antagonistic; no effects on BG when compared to only insulin

39
Q

How does insulin and epinephrine interact and impact blood glucose?

A

Epinephrine increases BG slightly since glucose is needed in fight/flight stimulated by epinephrine (adrenaline).

40
Q

How does insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine interact and impact blood glucose?

A

Since glucagon and epinephrine are synergistic, they act against insulin and increase the BG.

41
Q

After a high-carb meal, glucagon concentration is ________ and insulin concentration is ___________.

A

low, high

42
Q

After a high-protein meal, glucagon concentration is ________ and insulin concentration is ___________.

A

high, low

43
Q

Why does glucagon concentration increase after a high-protein meal?

A

Glucose needs to be catabolized to produce enough ATP to break down and process dietary amino acids

44
Q

Which organ detects ectocrines?

A

Vomeronasal organ

BIOL 436 (11 decks)

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