Ch 6: The Call for Church Reform

Question 1

Protestant Reformation

Answer 1

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Question 2

Martin Luther

Answer 2

a German Augustinian monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he posted the 95 Theses on the church door in Wittenberg, Germany outlining his concerns

Question 3

95 Theses

Answer 3

Luther nailed these to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517. It is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther’s list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.

Question 4

Indulgences

Answer 4

the remission of temporal punishment in Purgatory due for sins already forgiven

Question 5

Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)

Answer 5

The response of the Catholic Church to the protests of Martin Luther and others who has separated from the Church

Question 6

Diet of Worms

Answer 6

When Charles V ordered Luther to appear before him and papal representatives for questioning regarding the 95 Theses

Question 7

Edict of Worms

Answer 7

Document formally declaring Martin Luther a heretic after he refused to take back what he said in the 95 Theses against the Catholic Church

Question 8

Nationalism

Answer 8

the movement for a united independent nation

Question 9

Augsburg Confession

Answer 9

The basic creed of the new religion - Lutheranism. Luther’s friend, Philip Melancthon, worked on this codification with him.

Question 10

Peace of Augsburg

Answer 10

1555 agreement declaring that the religion (Catholic or Lutheran) of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Question 11

Ulrich Zwingli

Answer 11

Protestant reformer in Zürich, Switzerland. Created the Swiss Reform Church. Removed images from churches, banned religious music and abolished fasting days. Taught that the Eucharist is only a symbol of Christ’s presence

Question 12

John Calvin

Answer 12

French theologian and Protestant reformer. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism.

Question 13

Predestination

Answer 13

a belief that a person’s actions are not only pre-known by God but also pre-determined, which denies God’s gift of free will

Question 14

John Knox

Answer 14

Former Catholic priest who developed Presbyterianism, an offshoot of Calvinism

Question 15

King Henry VIII

Answer 15

Not a reformer in the strictest sense but did bring the Protestant Reformation to England when he split from the Catholic Church over the issue of divorce and declared himself head of the Church of England

Question 16

Council of Trent

Answer 16

The 19th ecumenical council called by Pope Paul III to acknowledge and reform problems related to the clergy and religious life and to clearly state Church doctrine, especially on matters that had been distorted by the reformers

Question 17

Thirty Years War

Answer 17

A series of European wars that historians generally viewed it as a continuation of the religious struggle initiated by the 16th-century Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire.

Question 18

Eucharistic species

Answer 18

The Real Presence of Jesus (Body, Blood, Soul and Divinity) under the physical appearance of bread and wine after the bread and wine have been consecrated by the priest

Question 19

Baroque

Answer 19

an artistic movement or dramatic style of art, architecture and music originating around 1600 that, among other goals, sought to emphasize the truth of Catholic doctrine through direct emotional connection

Question 20

Sacred Heart of Jesus

Answer 20

A devotion that recognizes that Jesus, both fully divine and fully human, deeply loves His people with an outpouring of love from his human heart

Question 21

St. Francis de Sales

Answer 21

His gentle persuasion brought ~40,000 Calvinists back to the Catholic faith. Because of his writings, he holds the title Doctor of the Church. He is the patron saint of journalists

Question 22

St. Jane Frances de Chantel

Answer 22

Wealthy but humble noblewoman. St. Francis de Sales was her spiritual director. Founded the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary which helped widows and young girls who desired religious life w/o the severity of a cloistered convent.

Question 23

St. Peter Canisius

Answer 23

Jesuit priest who ministered in Germany. Doctor of the Church. Wrote 3 Catechisms (children, students, adults). Traveled 20,000 miles on foot and horseback to teach and preach about Catholicism

Question 24

St. Ignatius of Loyola

Answer 24

The founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) whose mission is to defend and serve the Pope and educate people in the Catholic Faith

Question 25

St. Charles Borromeo

Answer 25

Great bishop in Italy (Milan); supporter of Catholic Education; Created the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine; Supervised the composition of the Roman Catechism and the establishment of the seminary system for the training of priests.

Question 26

St. Robert Bellarmine

Answer 26

a Jesuit and Doctor of the Church who produced many scholarly writings that effectively countered the protests of heretics, including material on the relationship between science and faith, even defending Galileo against those who wished to sanction him more severely, argued democratic theory, showing how authority comes from God and is invested in the people who entrust it to rulers; this troubled many monarchs; his catechisms for teachers and children were instrumental in handing on the faith to future generations

Question 27

St. John of the Cross

Answer 27

Spanish Carmelite friar and poet who made his Order stricter with the help of St. Teresa of Avila. Mystic and Doctor of the Church

Question 28

mystic

Answer 28

a morally upright person who strives to be open to God’s direct and transformative presence oftentimes through contemplation, meditation and prayer.

Question 29

St. Vincent de Paul

Answer 29

French priest who devoted his ministry to serving the needy and poor; One of the Church’s greatest representatives of Baroque spirituality Founded the Congregation of the Mission (aka the Vincentians) and Daughter of Charity (for women)

Question 30

St. Louise de Marillac

Answer 30

French contemporary of St. Vincent de Paul; Instrumental in helping him serve others through the Daughters of Charity; Patroness of Christian social workers