Ch 6: The Call for Church Reform Flashcards
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
Martin Luther
a German Augustinian monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he posted the 95 Theses on the church door in Wittenberg, Germany outlining his concerns
95 Theses
Luther nailed these to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517. It is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther’s list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.
Indulgences
the remission of temporal punishment in Purgatory due for sins already forgiven
Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)
The response of the Catholic Church to the protests of Martin Luther and others who has separated from the Church
Diet of Worms
When Charles V ordered Luther to appear before him and papal representatives for questioning regarding the 95 Theses
Edict of Worms
Document formally declaring Martin Luther a heretic after he refused to take back what he said in the 95 Theses against the Catholic Church
Nationalism
the movement for a united independent nation
Augsburg Confession
The basic creed of the new religion - Lutheranism. Luther’s friend, Philip Melancthon, worked on this codification with him.
Peace of Augsburg
1555 agreement declaring that the religion (Catholic or Lutheran) of each German state would be decided by its ruler
Ulrich Zwingli
Protestant reformer in Zürich, Switzerland. Created the Swiss Reform Church. Removed images from churches, banned religious music and abolished fasting days. Taught that the Eucharist is only a symbol of Christ’s presence
John Calvin
French theologian and Protestant reformer. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism.
Predestination
a belief that a person’s actions are not only pre-known by God but also pre-determined, which denies God’s gift of free will
John Knox
Former Catholic priest who developed Presbyterianism, an offshoot of Calvinism
King Henry VIII
Not a reformer in the strictest sense but did bring the Protestant Reformation to England when he split from the Catholic Church over the issue of divorce and declared himself head of the Church of England
Council of Trent
The 19th ecumenical council called by Pope Paul III to acknowledge and reform problems related to the clergy and religious life and to clearly state Church doctrine, especially on matters that had been distorted by the reformers
Thirty Years War
A series of European wars that historians generally viewed it as a continuation of the religious struggle initiated by the 16th-century Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire.
Eucharistic species
The Real Presence of Jesus (Body, Blood, Soul and Divinity) under the physical appearance of bread and wine after the bread and wine have been consecrated by the priest
Baroque
an artistic movement or dramatic style of art, architecture and music originating around 1600 that, among other goals, sought to emphasize the truth of Catholic doctrine through direct emotional connection
Sacred Heart of Jesus
A devotion that recognizes that Jesus, both fully divine and fully human, deeply loves His people with an outpouring of love from his human heart
St. Francis de Sales
His gentle persuasion brought ~40,000 Calvinists back to the Catholic faith. Because of his writings, he holds the title Doctor of the Church. He is the patron saint of journalists
St. Jane Frances de Chantel
Wealthy but humble noblewoman. St. Francis de Sales was her spiritual director. Founded the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary which helped widows and young girls who desired religious life w/o the severity of a cloistered convent.
St. Peter Canisius
Jesuit priest who ministered in Germany. Doctor of the Church. Wrote 3 Catechisms (children, students, adults). Traveled 20,000 miles on foot and horseback to teach and preach about Catholicism
St. Ignatius of Loyola
The founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) whose mission is to defend and serve the Pope and educate people in the Catholic Faith
St. Charles Borromeo
Great bishop in Italy (Milan); supporter of Catholic Education; Created the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine; Supervised the composition of the Roman Catechism and the establishment of the seminary system for the training of priests.
St. Robert Bellarmine
a Jesuit and Doctor of the Church who produced many scholarly writings that effectively countered the protests of heretics, including material on the relationship between science and faith, even defending Galileo against those who wished to sanction him more severely, argued democratic theory, showing how authority comes from God and is invested in the people who entrust it to rulers; this troubled many monarchs; his catechisms for teachers and children were instrumental in handing on the faith to future generations
St. John of the Cross
Spanish Carmelite friar and poet who made his Order stricter with the help of St. Teresa of Avila. Mystic and Doctor of the Church
mystic
a morally upright person who strives to be open to God’s direct and transformative presence oftentimes through contemplation, meditation and prayer.
St. Vincent de Paul
French priest who devoted his ministry to serving the needy and poor; One of the Church’s greatest representatives of Baroque spirituality Founded the Congregation of the Mission (aka the Vincentians) and Daughter of Charity (for women)
St. Louise de Marillac
French contemporary of St. Vincent de Paul; Instrumental in helping him serve others through the Daughters of Charity; Patroness of Christian social workers
