Ch. 6 Stems

Question 1

Grafting

Answer 1

artificially uniting stems or parts of stems of different but related varietis of plants

o Used by humans
o Indeterminate growth: means plants can grow indefinitely
o Construction wood mostly secondary xylem cells
o Bark: tissue outside the cambium

Question 2

Describe external form of woody twig

Answer 2

o Cells produce dby stem meristem become shoot system with branches and leaves
o Wood Twig: has axis with attached leaves

structures included are nodes, internodes, flattened blades, petioles

Question 3

Node

Answer 3

area of stem where leaves are attached
 Alternate or spiral
 Opposite: attached in pairs
 Whorled: in groups of three or more

Question 4

Internode

Answer 4

stem region between nodes

Question 5

flattened blade

Answer 5

o Leaf has flattened blade and is usually attached to the twig by petiole

Question 6

Petiole

Answer 6

 Petioles can help identify types of leaves and plant species

Question 7

Name the anatomical structures of woody twig

Answer 7

axil, terminal bud, and stipules

Question 8

axil

Answer 8

angle between petiole and stem
 Axillary bud: located in axil
* Will become branches or flowers in flowering plants
* Buds scales protect buds

Question 9

Terminal bud

Answer 9

at twig tip
 Growth makes twig longer
 Number of groups bud scale scars tell age of twig

Question 10

Stipules

Answer 10

paired, often leaflike appendages at base of a leaf

Question 11

Describe leaves of deciduous tree and shrubs

Answer 11

 Lose all leaves annualy
 After leaves fall, have dormant axillary buds with leaf scars below

Question 12

Bundle scars

Answer 12

mark food and water conducting tissue with leaf scars

Question 13

Describe the origin and development of stems

Answer 13

 Contributes to increase in stem length
 Dormant before growing season begins
 Protected by bud scales and by leaf primordia

Question 14

Leaf primordia

Answer 14

tiny embryonic leaves that develop into mature leaves

Question 15

Describe primary meristems

Answer 15

o Apical meristem meristem cells from 3 primary meristems

Question 16

Name and describe the 3 primary meristems

Answer 16

 Protoderm: gives rise ot epidermis
 Procambium: produces primary xylem and phloem
 Ground meristem: produces pith and cortex, both composed of parenchyma cells

Question 17

Leaf Primordia and Bud Primordia

Answer 17

o Develop into mature leaves and buds
o Traces branch off from cylinder of xylem and phloem, and enter leaf or bud

Question 18

Trace

Answer 18

strand of xylem and phloem, allows continuous fluid flow

Question 19

Vascular cambium

Answer 19

o Narrow bands of cells between primary xylem and primary phloem may become vascular cambium
 Cells produced by the vascular cambium become components of secondary xylem toward center and secondary phloem toward surface

Question 20

Secondary phloem

Answer 20

purpose to conduct food through plant
o Secondary phloem cells: companion cells and sieve tube members

Question 21

Secondary xylem

Answer 21

conducts water through plant
o Secondary xylem cells: tracheids, vessel elements, and fibers