Ch. 3 Cells

Question 1

Compare eukaryotic vs prokaryotic

Answer 1

o Eukaryotic: nucleus; fungi, plants, animals, unicellular eukaryotes
o Prokaryotes: no nucleus; bacteria

Question 2

Protoplasm

Answer 2

consists of all living cell components

cell wall surrounds protplasm

Question 3

Cytoplasm

Answer 3

all cellular components between plasma membrane and nucleus

Question 4

Cytosol

Answer 4

fluid within cytoplasm containing organelles

Question 5

Organells

Answer 5

persistent structures of various shapes and sizes, with specialized functions; most but not all bound by membranes

Question 6

Vacoule

Answer 6

found in plant cells

maintains cell structure, fills or loses fluid, influence overall plant shape; maintenance of cell pressure and PH, stores metabolites and waste products

• Water fluid called cell-sap
• Dissolved substances (salts, sugars, organic acids, proteins, pigments called anthocyanins)

Question 7

Cell Size

Answer 7

o 10 – 100 micrometers
o Smaller cells have relatively large surface to volume rations enabling faster and more efficient cellular communication
o Increase in surface area of spherical cell equal to square of its increase in diameter
o Increase in volume is equal to the cube of increase in volume

Question 8

Cell wall

Answer 8

adjacent to plasma membrane

Question 9

Cellulose

Answer 9

long chain of glucose monomers
* Contains matrix of hemicellulose(holds cellulose fibrils together), pectin(gives stiffness), glycoproteins(proteins with associated sugars)

Question 10

Middle lamella

Answer 10

first produced when new cell walls are formed
* Shared by two adjacent cells
* Forms between two cell walls, attaches one cell to another

Question 11

Primary cell wall

Answer 11

• More flexible
• Laid down on either side of middle lamella
  -Consists of: cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, glycoproteins, Uses various enzymes/processes to form

Question 12

Secondary cell walls

Answer 12

• Produced inside primary walls
  o Derived by thickening and inclusion of lignin
  o Cellulose microbrils found in lignin for strength

Question 13

Plasmodesmata

Answer 13

cytoplasmic strands that extend between cell through minute openings

-Fluids and dissolved substances can pass through primary walls of adjadent cells via plasmodesmata

Question 14

Plasma membrane

Answer 14

 Semipermeable outer boundary
 Regulates movement of substances
 Composed of phospholipid bilayer/proteins
 Fluid mosaic model: dynamic structure

Question 15

Nucleus

Answer 15

 Two membranes -> nuclear envelope
 Limited molecules can travel between nucleus and cytoplasm
 Sends codes for other cell parts
 Contains nucleoli, chromatin strands, DNA + proteins (chromosomes form)

Question 16

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 16

 Flattened sacs and tubes
 Forms cytoplasm channels
 Synthesizes membranes for organelles, modifies proteins
 SER(no ribos and lipid secretion)/RER(ribos)

Question 17

Ribosomes

Answer 17

as RNA and proteins

Question 18

Dictyosomes

Answer 18

 Golgi bodies in animals
 Flattened sacs and vesicles
 Modify carbohydrates attached to proteins that are synthesized and packaged in the ER
 Assemble polysaccharides, packed in vesicles

Question 19

Plastids

Answer 19

in plants

examples: chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts

contains stroma (matrix in enzymes) and double membrane thylakoid (contains chlorophyll)

Question 20

Mitochondria

Answer 20

 Release energy produced from cellular respiration
 Two membranes
 Inward membrane forms numerous folds called cristae
 Matrix includes RNA and DNA