Ch 6: Sound and Media Flashcards
What is it called when sound waves weaken as they travel in the body?
attenuation
What is it called when the u/s system strengthens the electrical signal?
amplification
Define ‘decibel notation’.
A standard measurement tool to report changes in the degree of attenuation or the extent of amplification.
Logarithms are…
the mathematical construct on which decibels are based; a novel method of rating numbers.
What is the log of 1,000?
- (10 x 10 x10)
What is the log of 10,000?
- (10 x 10 x 10 x 10)
What is an everyday example of a logarithmic scale?
The Richter scale, which measures the strength of earthquakes.
Decibel notation does not measure absolute numbers; rather decibels report…
relative changes.
What are the two intensities that decibels require?
a starting level and an actual (ending) level
In decibels, the measured level is divided by the starting level, which means that decibels are a…
ratio.
What is a relative measurement, a comparison, a ratio, and logarithmic?
decibel notation
Positive decibels report signals that are…
increasing in strength.
Negative decibels report signals that are…
decreasing in strenth.
Attenuation is determined by which two factors?
path length and frequency of sound
Distance and attenuation are ___ related.
directly. The farther sound travels, the more it attenuates.
Frequency and attenuation are ___ related.
directly. The higher the frequency, the more it attenuates.
What three processes contribute to attenuation?
reflection
scattering
absorption
What is it called when a portion of the wave’s energy is redirected after striking a boundary?
reflection
What two forms of reflection are created in soft tissue?
specular and diffuse/backscatter
Define ‘specular reflection’.
Sound that is reflected in only one direction in an organized manner, as when a boundary is smooth.
Define ‘diffuse/backscatter reflection’.
Sound that is reflected in more than one direction in a disorganized manner, as when a boundary is irregular.
An advantage of diffuse reflections is that…
interfaces at suboptimal angles can still produce reflections that will return to the transducer.
A disadvantage of diffuse reflections is that…
backscattered signals have a lower strength than specular reflections.
What is it called when u/s signals are redirected in many directions?
scattering
Scattering and frequency are ___ related.
directly. The higher the frequency, the more the signal will scatter.
Sound scatters when the tissure interface is ___ the wavelength of the sound beam.
smaller than
This special form of scattering occurs when the structure’s dimensions are much smaller than the beam’s wavelength.
Rayleigh scattering
Rayleigh scattering redirects the sound wave equally in ___ directions.
all
Mathematically, scattering is related frequency raised to the ___ power.
fourth
When frequency doubles, Rayleigh scattering is ___ times greater.
- (2 x 2 x 2 x 2)
What is the significance of attenuation in diagnostic sonography?
More attenuation means less accurate images.
What occurs when u/s energy is converted into another energy form?
absorption
Absorption and frequency are ___ related.
directly. The higher the frequency, the more it absorbs.
This is the number of decibels at attenuation that occurs when sound travels one centimeter.
attenuation coefficient
Attenuation coefficient is reported in units of…
dB/cm.
The value of the attenuation coefficient remains ___ regardless of how far the sound travels.
constant
In soft tissue, the attenuation coefficient (dB/cm) and the frequency (MHz) are ___ related.
directly. As one increases, so does the other.
The attenuation coefficient is ___ the frequency.
one half. dB/cm = MHz/2
T/F? In air, sound waves attenuate due to absorption.
true
T/F? In the lungs, sound waves attenuate due to absorption and scattering.
true
T/F? In bone, sound waves attenuate due to scattering.
false; *due to absorption
T/F? In biologic fluids (blood, urine, amniotic fluid), sound waves attenuate far more than in soft tissue.
false; *far less
T/F? In water, there is no noticable attenuation with frequencies less than 10 MHz.
true
T/F? In muscle, the attenuation properties vary.
true
What is the distance sound travels that reduces the intensity of sound to one half its orginal value?
half-value layer thickness
Half-value layer thickness is reported in units of…
cm.
In clinical imaging, typical ranges of half-value layer thickness are…
.25 to 1 cm.
Half-value layer thickness is also known as…
penetration depth, depth of penetration, half-boundary layer.
Half-value layer thickness depends on what two factors?
the medium and the frequency of sound
The half-value layer is ___ for tissues that attenuate sound a great deal, such as ___.
thin, lung or bone
The half-value layer is ___ for tissues that attenuate sound just a little, such as ___.
thicker, fluids
Higher frequencies result in a ___ half-value layer.
thin
Lower frequencies result in a ___ thick half-value layer.
thick
What is the acoustic resistance to sound traveling in a medium?
impedence
Impedence is calculated by multiplying the ___ of a medium by the ___ at which sound travels in the medium.
density, speed.
Impedence (rayls) = density (kg/m^3) x speed (m/s)
Impedence is reported in units of…
rayls (Z)
In biologic media, typical values for impedence range from…
1.25 to 1.75 Mrayls
Impedence is determined by the…
medium.
___ depends upon the difference in impedences of the two media at a boundary.
Reflections
What are the three types of angles?
acute - less than 90
right - exactly 90
obtuse - greater than 90
Angles with a measure other than 90 are also called…
oblique angles, whether they’re acute or obtuse.
Normal incidence means that the beam strikes the boundary at…
exactly 90 degrees.
Normal incidence is also called…
perpendicular
orthogonal
right angle
90 degrees
___ is the sound wave’s intensity immediately before it strikes a boundary.
Incident intensity
___ is the intensity of the portion of the beam that returns back after striking the boundary.
Reflected intensity
___ is the intensity of the portion of the beam that continues forward after striking the boundary.
Transmitted intensity
Since there is a conservation of energy, the incident intensity equals the ___ plus the ___.
reflected intensity, transmitted intensity
What is the percentage of the intensity that bounces back when a sound beam strikes the boundary called?
intensity reflection coefficient (IRC)
In clinical imaging, ___ of a sound wave’s intensity is reflected back.
very little (1% or less)
What is the percentage of intensity that passes forward when a sound beam strikes the boundary called?
intensity transmission coefficient (ITC)
In clinical imaging, ___ of a sound wave’s intensity transmits forward.
most (99% or more)
Since there is a conservation of energy, the ITC and the IRC equal ___.
100%
At normal incidence, how much reflection will occur if the two media identical impedences?
none
At normal incidence, how much reflection will occur if the two media have slightly different impedences?
a little
At normal incidence, how much reflection will occur if the two media have substantially different impedences?
a large
What two physical principles always apply to reflection with oblique incidence?
conservation of energy
reflection angle = incidenct angle
At oblique incidence, the directionof the reflected echo is ___ and ___ to the direction of the incident beam.
equal and opposite
Define ‘refraction’.
a change in direction of wave propagation when traveling from one medium to another; the bending of the sound beam
Refraction only occurs if what two conditions are satisfied?
- oblique incidence
* different propagation speeds of the two media
Under what conditions will the transmission angle equal the incident angle?
When the speed of the two media are equal.
Under what conditions will the transmission angle be greater than the incident angle?
When the speed of the second medium is greater than the speed of the first medium.
Under what conditions will the transmission angle be less than the incident angle?
When the speed of the second medium in less than the speed of the first medium.