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FD Incident Safety Officer 2nd Edition ORG > Ch. 6: Reading Buildings > Flashcards

Ch. 6: Reading Buildings Flashcards

1
Q

To say that a building collapses without warning is a flawed statement.

A

The warning for structural collapse is in the ISOs ability to understand building construction and the effects of fire on the building.

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2
Q

What type of explicit detail and their judgment must ISOs be able to give an incident commander?

A

Regarding the collapse potential of a given building being attacked by fire.

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3
Q

What is imposed on building materials?

A

loads

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4
Q

The imposition of a load causes stress on the materials called what?

A

force

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5
Q

What is the direction or application of a load to a component?

A

The imposition of the load.

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6
Q

What are the three types of load that can be transmitted through a structural member?

A

Torsion, axial, and eccentric. [TEA]

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7
Q

How are loads applied to a structural member?

A

Compression, tension, and shear forces [CTS]

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8
Q

What characteristics do the materials used to resist load have?

A

load-bearing characteristics

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9
Q

Mass is heat resistance, and heat resistance is _______.

A

time

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10
Q

What are the four basic building material types?

A

Wood, steel, concrete, and masonry.

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11
Q

What does it lead to when steel softens, elongates, and sags when heated?

A

collapse

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12
Q

Cooling _________ _________ with fire streams is just as important as attacking the fire.

A

structural steel

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13
Q

What has excellent tensile, shear, and compressive strength?

A

Steel

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14
Q

High factory control; that is, it’s easy to change its shape, increase its strength, and manipulate it during production.

A

Steel

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15
Q

What has excellent compressive strength when cured?

A

concrete

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16
Q

A pocket of concrete that has crumbled into fine particles through exposure to heat.

A

spalling

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17
Q

What can take away the critical mass of the concrete- that is, the mass used for strength?

A

spalling

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18
Q

A lateral force that exceeds the compressive forces within a masonry wall causes its ______ ________.

A

quick collapse

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19
Q

Brick, concrete block, and stone.

A

Masonry

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20
Q

What is referred to as a combination of the four basic materials?

A

composite

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21
Q

Lumber created by gluing and pressing together sheet veneers of wood (in the same grain direction)

A

laminated veneer lumber (lvl)

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22
Q

A wood sheeting consisting of wood chips (strands oriented in multiple directions) and an emulsified glue.

A

oriented strand board (osb)

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23
Q

Rapid heading of a composite truss can cause the metal to separate from the wood.

A

Rapid heading of a composite truss can cause the metal to separate from the wood.

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24
Q

Building columns, beams, and connections used to assemble a building.

A

Structural elements

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25
Q

To predict collapse.

A

The ISO must constantly evaluate structural elements to determine if they can still transfer the load as designed.

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26
Q

Any structural component that transmits a compressive force parallel through its center is called a ________.

A

column

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27
Q

A structural element that delivers loads perpendicularly to its imposed load is called a ________.

A

beam

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28
Q

What are subject to compressive forces?

A

columns

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29
Q

What is the “weak link” in structural failure during fires?

A

the connection

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30
Q

What are the three general types of connections?

A

pinned, rigid, and gravity

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31
Q

What are a series of columns and beams used to hold up a building often referred to as?

A

skeletal frame or post and beam

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32
Q

The structural elements are of an approved noncombustible or limited combustible material with sufficient fire-resistive ratings to withstand the effect of fire and prevent its spread from story to story.

A

Type I: Fire Resistive

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33
Q

What type is typical of concrete-encased steel, monolithic-poured cement, and steel with spray-on fire protection coatings?

A

Type I

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34
Q

What type of buildings are often steel and are susceptible to steel deformation and resulting collapse?

A

Type II

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35
Q

What type are buildings made of load-bearing brick or concrete block with wood roofs and floors?

A

Type III

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36
Q

What is one of the most common uses of Type III?

A

Strip mall with masonry walls and lightweight steel or wood trusses.

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37
Q

What are common problems associated with the Type III construction?

A

Void spaces allowing for rapid-fire extension and collapse of lightweight structural elements.

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38
Q

What is used to pull back into alignment the sagging or bowing load-bearing walls?

A

decorative stars/ornaments (spreaders)

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39
Q

What type of buildings have block or brick exterior load-bearing walls and interior structural members, roofs, and floors, and arches of solid or laminated wood without concealed spaces?

A

Type IV

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40
Q

Where are heavy timber buildings mainly used for?

A

Warehouses, manufacturing buildings, and some older churches.

41
Q

What can fire spread in a Heavy Timber building be fast due to?

A

Wide-open areas and content exposure.

42
Q

What is the most common construction type?

A

Type V

43
Q

What type of construction can fire enter the wall space and run straight to the attic?

A

Type V

44
Q

Building analysis during any incident should be cyclic.

A

Performed on a regular basis as conditions change and time goes by.

45
Q

What is the Five-Step process for predicting collapse?

A

1) Classifying the type of construction
2) Determining structural involvement
3) Visualizing and tracing loads
4) Evaluating time
5) Predicting and communicating the collapse potential

46
Q

What are areas that are exposed to trauma, debris, and/or thrust of a collapse?

A

collapse zone

47
Q

The failure of a roof assembly may impose weight on interior partition walls that were not designed for the load.

A

These become a “loaded gun,” meaning that the slightest movement could cause an explosive release and collapse.

48
Q

What should be the default for all construction site fires?

A

Defensive operations

49
Q

What is one of the important functions of an ISO?

A

To offer judgment about the collapse potential of buildings during incidents.

50
Q

What is used for the top and bottom chord of the I beam?

A

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

51
Q

Which type of connections use bolts and screws?

A

Pinned

52
Q

What causes a rapid separating stress at the intersection

of the two materials under fire conditions when combining metal and wood to form a structural element?

A

Metal expands faster than the wood

53
Q

Which type of buildings are most often large, multistoried

structures with multiple exits?

A

Type I

54
Q

Which causes fire spread to be rapid in the Type IV

building?

A

Open spaces

55
Q

What type of attack should be considered when firefighters must work within the established collapse zone area?

A

Flanking approach

56
Q

Which is considered a fake beam due to its lightweight

materials and use of geometric shapes?

A

truss

57
Q

How much can a 100-foot steel beam elongate at 1,000

degrees Fahrenheit?

A

10 inches

58
Q

What accelerates the potential collapse time?

A
  • High surface-to-mass ratio
  • An imposed overload
  • Higher BTU development
59
Q

How thick is the EPS sheet typically?

A

6 to 8 inches

60
Q

What is FiRP made from?

A

Plastic

61
Q

In which step does the ISO “undress” the building when

predicting collapse?

A

3

62
Q

What should be used to determine the structural

involvement of a fire?

A

Smoke and flame

63
Q

What do new lightweight steel homes resemble?

A

Wood frame homes

64
Q

At what point did builders begin to use platform framing

for wood frame buildings?

A

1950’s

65
Q

How are connections loaded for the most part?

A

In shear

66
Q

Which is NOT an ingredient in concrete?

A

Masonry

67
Q

What is the correct progression in the following

assumptions?

A

Mass is heat resistance and heat resistance is time

68
Q

Which type of load can occur in both directions?

A

Shear

69
Q

What is used to protect structural members from fire in a

wood frame building typically?

A

Gypsum board

70
Q

Which is NOT a common ingredient used to make mortar used in masonry walls?

A

gravel

71
Q

How many times the height of the building should the

collapse zone be as a minimum?

A

1 1/2

72
Q

What is the fire resistive device most often used to

protect the roof structure of the Type II building?

A

Dropped-in ceiling

73
Q

Which type of forces are relied upon to give the masonry

wall its strength?

A

Compressive

74
Q

In Type IV construction what is generally the minimum

dimensions of the members?

A

8 inches

75
Q

Which has marginal tensile strength?

A

wood

76
Q

What are Type II buildings constructed from more often

than not?

A

Steel

77
Q

What must be used to most effectively predict building

collapse?

A

Knowledge base

78
Q

Which type of connections use reinforced concrete and

welds to bond elements?

A

Rigid

79
Q

What occurs to steel as it is exposed to fire?

A

Softens

80
Q

Which type of load is imposed through the center of the

structural member?

A

Axial

81
Q

What influences fire spread in Type II buildings?

A

Contents

82
Q

What color smoke does unfinished wood that is being

rapidly heated emit?

A

Brown

83
Q

Which truism about predicting collapse is correct?

A

The lighter the structural elements, the faster it comes

down

84
Q

Where must forces be delivered for a building to be

structurally sound?

A

The ground

85
Q

What is a structural element that delivers loads

perpendicularly to its imposed load?

A

Beam

86
Q

What can be seen that will alert the firefighter to the
fact that a load-bearing wall has been pulled back into
alignment?

A

Decorative stars on the outside brick wall

87
Q

Which is considered the most common type of construction?

A

Wood frame

88
Q

What is any structural element that transmits a

compressive force parallel through its center?

A

Column

89
Q

What is the imposition of loads on building materials

called?

A

Force

90
Q

Which is likely to fail fastest under fire conditions?

A

ICF (insulated concrete forming) block

91
Q

What is the first step for predicting collapse?

A

Classify the construction type

92
Q

Which ratio determines the strength of concrete most?

A

Water to Portland cement

93
Q

What is a series of beams placed perpendicularly to trusses to help support roof decking?

A

Perlin

94
Q

Which type of beam spans an opening in a load-bearing

masonry wall?

A

Lintel

95
Q

What is the extension of a wall past the roof?

A

Parapet wall

96
Q

Which type of operation should be default at all

construction site fires?

A

Defensive

97
Q

Which type of beam supports other beams?

A

Girder

98
Q

Which type of load tends to pull in opposite directions on

the structural member?

A

Tension

99
Q

What percentage of its strength does cold drawn steel lose at 800 degrees Fahrenheit?

A

55%

FD Incident Safety Officer 2nd Edition ORG (18 decks)

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