Ch 6 Powerpoint Flashcards
What are unlearned behaviors?
Instincts and reflexes
Instincts and reflexes are innate behaviors that organisms are born with, helping them adapt to their environment.
Define reflexes.
Motor/neural reactions to a specific stimulus
Reflexes involve specific body parts and primitive centers of the CNS, such as the spinal cord and medulla.
What are instincts?
Behaviors triggered by a broader range of events
Instincts are more complex than reflexes and involve the movement of the organism as a whole.
How is learning defined?
A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience
Learning involves acquiring skills and knowledge through both conscious and unconscious processes.
What is associative learning?
When an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.
What is classical conditioning?
Process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events.
Who discovered classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov.
What is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?
Stimulus that elicits a reflexive response.
What is an unconditioned response (UCR)?
A natural unlearned reaction to a stimulus.
What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?
Stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response.
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
Stimulus that elicits a response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
The behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus.
Define higher-order conditioning.
An established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, leading to the new stimulus also eliciting the conditioned response.
What is acquisition in classical conditioning?
The initial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
What is extinction in classical conditioning?
Decrease in the conditioned response when the UCS is no longer presented with the CS.
What is spontaneous recovery?
The return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period.
What is stimulus discrimination?
When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar.
What is stimulus generalization?
When an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
What is habituation?
Learning not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change.
Who was John B. Watson?
A psychologist who used classical conditioning principles in the study of human emotion.
What was the Little Albert study?
A study where Little Albert was conditioned to fear furry stimuli.
What is operant conditioning?
A theory proposed by B.F. Skinner where organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequences.
What does the law of effect state?
Pleasant consequences increase the likelihood of a behavior, while unpleasant consequences decrease it.
Define positive reinforcement.
Something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
Define negative reinforcement.
Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
What is positive punishment?
Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
What is negative punishment?
Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
What is shaping?
A tool used in operant conditioning to reward successive approximations of a target behavior.
What are primary reinforcers?
Reinforcers that have innate qualities, such as food and water.
What are secondary reinforcers?
Reinforcers that have no inherent value and gain value through association with primary reinforcers.
What is continuous reinforcement?
When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior.
What is partial reinforcement?
The organism does not get reinforced every time they display the desired behavior.
Define fixed interval schedule.
Reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals.
Define variable interval schedule.
Reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals.
Define fixed ratio schedule.
Reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses.
Define variable ratio schedule.
Reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses.
What is latent learning?
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it.
What is a cognitive map?
A mental picture of the layout of an environment.
What is observational learning?
Learning that occurs by observing the behavior of others.
What did Tolman find about rats in a maze?
Rats use cognitive maps to navigate through a maze.
What is observational learning?
Learning by watching others and then imitating.
Define ‘model’ in the context of observational learning.
The individual performing the imitated behavior.
How do yoga students learn according to the observational learning concept?
By observation as their instructor demonstrates correct stances and movements.
What is symbolic modeling?
Learning a behavior by watching someone demonstrate it on television.
Who proposed the social learning theory?
Albert Bandura.
What is the first step in the modeling process?
Attention – focus on the behavior.
What is the second step in the modeling process?
Retention – remember what you observed.
What is the third step in the modeling process?
Reproduction – be able to perform the behavior.
What is the fourth step in the modeling process?
Motivation – must want to copy the behavior.
What does motivation depend on in the modeling process?
What happened to the model.
Define vicarious reinforcement.
Process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making imitation more likely.
Define vicarious punishment.
Process where the observer sees the model punished, making imitation less likely.
What was the focus of Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment?
Modeling of aggressive and violent behaviors.
What were the children in the Bobo doll experiment allowed to do after observing adults?
Play with the Bobo doll.
What effect did seeing an adult punished have on children’s behavior towards the Bobo doll?
They were less likely to act aggressively.
What effect did seeing an adult praised or ignored have on children’s behavior towards the Bobo doll?
They were more likely to imitate the adult.
What conclusion did Bandura reach from his study?
Children watch and learn from adults, which can have prosocial and antisocial consequences.
True or False: There is a correlation between watching violence and aggression in children.
True.
