Ch. 6 - Overview and Assessment of Variability

Question 1

Model of development that presumes that a patient presents with signs and symptoms and a physician focuses on diagnosing and treating diseases of the body

Answer 1

Medical model

Question 2

T/F Medical model of development neglects the psychologic aspect of a person who exists in larger realm of family and society

Answer 2

T

Question 3

Model of development in which higher-level systems are simultaneously considered with lower-level systems that make up the person and his environment

Answer 3

Biopsychosocial model

Question 4

Model of development in which patient’s symptoms are examined and explained in the context of the patient’s existence

Answer 4

Biopsychosocial model

Question 5

Model of development that can be used to understand health and both acute and chronic disease

Answer 5

Biopsychosocial model

Question 6

Model of development that emphasises how the ecology of childhood (environment) interacts with biologic processes to determine outcomes and life trajectories

Answer 6

Ecobiodevelopmental framework

Question 7

More accurate model of development, biopsychosocial vs ecobiodevelopmental

Answer 7

Ecobiodevelopmental framework

Question 8

Model which maintains that early influences, particularly those producing toxic levels of stress, affect the individual through modification of gene expression, without change in DNA sequencing

Answer 8

Ecobiodevelopmental framework

Question 9

T/F Epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, that result from environmental insults may be passed on to future generations

Answer 9

T

Question 10

Permits the central nervous system to reorganize neuronal networks in response to environmental stimulation, both positive and negative

Answer 10

Neuronal/brain plasticity

Question 11

Each neuron develops on average ___ synapses by 3 yr of age

Answer 11

15,000

Question 12

Phenomenon in which synapses in frequently used neuronal pathways are preserved, whereas less-used ones atrophy

Answer 12

Neuronal “pruning”

Question 13

T/F Neuronal/brain plasticity involves changes in the strength and number of synapses and reorganization of neuronal circuits

Answer 13

T

Question 14

Why is early experience important in development?

Answer 14

1) Learning proceeds more efficiently along established synaptic pathways 2) Traumatic experiences create enduring alterations in the neurotransmitter and endocrine systems that mediate the stress response, with effects noted later in life

Question 15

T/F Positive and negative experiences do not determine the total outcome of development

Answer 15

T

Question 16

T/F Positive and negative experiences shift the probabilities of development by influencing the child’s ability to respond adaptively to future stimuli

Answer 16

T

Question 17

T/F The plasticity of the brain continues into adolescence

Answer 17

T

Question 18

Part of the brain that further develops into adolescence

Answer 18

Prefrontal cortex

Question 19

Prefrontal cortex plays an important role in what brain activities

Answer 19

1) Decision-making 2) Future planning 3) Emotional control

Question 20

T/F Neurogenesis persists in adulthood

Answer 20

T

Question 21

Areas of the brain that continues to undergo neurogenesis in adulthood

Answer 21

1) Subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles 2) Portions of the hippocampus

Question 22

Long-term negative effects of low birthweight

Answer 22

1) Neonatal morbidities 2) Increased rates of obesity, coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and T2DM 3) Postnatal illnesses 4) Exposure to hazardous substances

Question 23

Heredity accounts for approximately ___% of the variance in IQ and in other personality traits, such as sociability and desire for novelty

Answer 23

40

Question 24

Shared environment accounts for ___% of the variance in IQ and in other personality traits, such as sociability and desire for novelty

Answer 24

50

Question 25

T/F Sexual differentiation, both somatic and neurologic, begins at birth

Answer 25

F, in utero

Question 26

Describes the stable, early-appearing individual variations in behavioral dimensions, including emotionality (crying, laughing, sulking), activity level, attention, sociability, and persistence

Answer 26

Temperament

Question 27

9 dimensions of temperament

Answer 27

1) Activity level 2) Rhythmicity 3) Approach and withdrawal 4) Adaptability 5) Threshold of responsiveness 6) Intensity of reaction 7) Quality of mood 8) Distractibility 9) Attention span and persistence

Question 28

3 common constellations brought about by 9 dimensions of temperament

Answer 28

1) The easy, highly adaptable child, who has regular biologic cycles 2) The difficult child, who withdraws from new stimuli and is easily frustrated 3) The slow-to-warm-up child, who needs extra time to adapt to new circumstances

Question 29

T/F Temperament has long been described as biologic or “inherited.”

Answer 29

T

Question 30

Genetic differences account for approximately ___% of the variability of temperament within a population

Answer 30

20-60, the rest is attributed to the child’s environment

Question 31

T/F Maternal prenatal stress and anxiety is not associated with child temperament

Answer 31

F, is associated

Question 32

T/F Certain polymorphisms of specific genes moderate the influence of maternal stress on infant temperament

Answer 32

T

Question 33

T/F Changes in PERSONALITY over time largely result from non-shared environmental influences

Answer 33

T

Question 34

T/F The concept of temperament can help parents understand and accept the characteristics of their children without feeling responsible for having caused them

Answer 34

T

Question 35

Dominates most current models of development

Answer 35

The influence of the child-rearing environment

Question 36

Refers to a biologically determined tendency of a young child to seek proximity to the parent during times of stress and also to the relationship that allows securely attached children to use their parents to reestablish a sense of well-being after a stressful experience

Answer 36

Attachment

Question 37

Temperamental characteristic described as amount of gross motor movement

Answer 37

Activity level

Question 38

Temperamental characteristic described as regularity of biologic cycles

Answer 38

Rhythmicity

Question 39

Temperamental characteristic described as initial response to new stimuli

Answer 39

Approach and withdrawal

Question 40

Temperamental characteristic described as ease of adaptation to novel stimulus

Answer 40

Adaptability

Question 41

Temperamental characteristic described as intensity of stimuli needed to evoke a response (e.g., touch, sound, light)

Answer 41

Threshold of responsiveness

Question 42

Temperamental characteristic described as energy level of response

Answer 42

Intensity of reaction

Question 43

Temperamental characteristic described as usual disposition (e.g., pleasant, glum)

Answer 43

Quality of mood

Question 44

Temperamental characteristic described as how easily diverted and individual is from ongoing activity

Answer 44

Distractibility

Question 45

Temperamental characteristic described as how long a child pays attention and sticks with difficult tasks

Answer 45

Attention span and persistence

Question 46

Temperament characteristic: “He goes from toy to toy every minute.”

Answer 46

Attention span and persistence

Question 47

Temperament characteristic: “She is distracted at mealtime when other children are nearby.”

Answer 47

Distractibility

Question 48

Temperament characteristic: “He does not laugh much.”

Answer 48

Quality of mood

Question 49

Temperament characteristic: “She will keep at a puzzle until she has mastered it.”

Answer 49

Attention span and persistence

Question 50

Temperament characteristic: “He doesn’t even hear me when he is playing.”

Answer 50

Distractibility

Question 51

Temperament characteristic: “It seems like she is always happy.”

Answer 51

Quality of mood

Question 52

Temperament characteristic: “She shouts when she is happy and wails when she is sad.”

Answer 52

Intensity of reaction

Question 53

Temperament characteristic: “He never cries much.”

Answer 53

Intensity of reaction

Question 54

Temperament characteristic: “He notices all the lumps in his food and objects to them.”

Answer 54

Threshold of responsiveness

Question 55

Temperament characteristic: “Changes upset him.”

Answer 55

Adaptability

Question 56

Temperament characteristic: “She rejects every new food at first.”

Answer 56

Approach and withdrawal

Question 57

Temperament characteristic: “He’s never hungry at the same time each day.”

Answer 57

Rhythmicity

Question 58

Temperament characteristic: “She’s constantly on the move.”

Answer 58

Activity level

Question 59

Temperament characteristic: “He would rather sit still than run around.”

Answer 59

Activity level

Question 60

Temperament characteristic: “You could set a watch by her nap.”

Answer 60

Rhythmicity

Question 61

Temperament characteristic: “He sleeps well in any place.”

Answer 61

Approach and withdrawal

Question 62

Temperament characteristic: “She adjusts to new people quickly.”

Answer 62

Adaptability

Question 63

Temperament characteristic: “She will eat anything, wear anything, do anything.”

Answer 63

Threshold of responsiveness

Question 64

Create the groundwork for the shared attention and reciprocity that are critical for later lan- guage and social development

Answer 64

Contingent responses to nonverbal gestures

Question 65

T/F Children learn best when new challenges are just slightly harder than what they have already mastered

Answer 65

T

Question 66

Degree of difficulty of a new challenge with which children learn best

Answer 66

“Zone of proximal development”

Question 67

T/F Birth order may have profound effects on personality development

Answer 67

T

Question 68

Model that depicts relationships in a family system as concentric circles, with the parent–child dyad at the center (with associated risks and protec- tive factors) and the larger society at the periphery

Answer 68

Bronfenbrenner’s ecologic model

Question 69

Model of development which proposes that a child’s status at any point in time is a function of the interaction between biologic and social influences

Answer 69

Transactional model

Question 70

T/F Children with biologic risk factors will not do well developmentally even if the child-rearing environment is supportive

Answer 70

F, may nevertheless do well developmentally if the child- rearing environment is supportive

Question 71

___ theories are based on stages as qualitatively different epochs in the development of emotion and cognition

Answer 71

Psychoanalytic

Question 72

___ theories rely less on qualitative change and more on the gradual modification of behavior and accumulation of competence

Answer 72

Behavioral

Question 73

Psychoanalytic vs behavioral theory: Freudian

Answer 73

Psychoanalytic

Question 74

Psychoanalytic vs behavioral theory: Piaget

Answer 74

Cognitive

Question 75

Psychoanalytic vs behavioral theory: Erikson

Answer 75

Psychoanalytic

Question 76

Psychoanalytic vs behavioral theory: Kohlberg

Answer 76

Cognitive

Question 77

Developmental Theory: At the core is the idea of body-centered (or, broadly, “sexual”) drives

Answer 77

Freudian theory

Question 78

Developmental Theory: The child’s sense of basic trust develops through the successful negotiation of infantile needs

Answer 78

Erikson’s theory

Question 79

Developmental Theory: The emotional health of both the child and the adult depends on adequate resolution of sexual conflicts

Answer 79

Freudian theory