ch 6 memory

Question 1

_ is an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

__ is the set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain’s storage systems

Answer 2

Encoding

Question 3

_ is the process of holding onto information for some period of time.

Answer 3

Storage

Question 4

__ is getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used by the individual.

Answer 4

Retrieval

Question 5

The very first stage of memory is called ___ ____, and it is the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems.

Answer 5

Sensory memory

Question 6

The visual sensory memory, lasting only a fraction of a second, is called the ___ ___.

Answer 6

Iconic memory

Question 7

The rare ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more is called ____ ____.

Answer 7

Eidetic imagery

Question 8

__ __ is a brief memory of something a person has just heard.

Answer 8

Echoic memory

Question 9

The memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used and is also called the working memory is known as ___ ___.

Answer 9

Short-term memory

Question 10

The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input is called __ __.

Answer 10

Selective attention

Question 11

____ is when bits of information are combined into meaningful units, or chunks, so that more information can be held in short-term memory.

Answer 11

Chunking

Question 12

The practice of saying some information to be remembered over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in short-term memory is called _____ _____.

Answer 12

Maintenance rehearsal

Question 13

The system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently is called __ __.

Answer 13

Long-term memory

Question 14

The type of long-term memory containing information that is conscious and known is called ___ ____.

Answer 14

Declarative memory

Question 15

___ ___ is the loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories.

Answer 15

Anterograde amnesia

Question 16

___ ___ is the type of declarative memory containing general knowledge, such as knowledge of language and information learned in formal education.

Answer 16

Semantic memory

Question 17

____ ____ is the type of declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others.

Answer 17

Episodic memory

Question 18

A stimulus for remembering information is called a ____ ____.

Answer 18

Retrieval cue

Question 19

___ ___ memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to recall when in a similar state.

Answer 19

State-dependent

Question 20

The type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must be “pulled” from memory with very few external cues much like on an essay test is called ____.

Answer 20

recall

Question 21

___ ___ effect is the tendency of information at the beginning and end of a body of information to be remembered more accurately than information in the middle of the body of information.

Answer 21

Serial position

Question 22

The ___ ___ is the tendency to remember information at the beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows.

Answer 22

Primacy effect

Question 23

The _____ ______ is the tendency to remember information at the end of a body of information better than the information ahead of it.

Answer 23

Recency effect

Question 24

The ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact, much like the information on a multiple-choice test, is called ___.

Answer 24

Recognition

Question 25

The type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations for the person remembering it is called ___ ___.

Answer 25

Flashbulb memories

Question 26

__ __ syndrome is the creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis.

Answer 26

False memory

Question 27

The failure to process information into memory is called ____ ___.

Answer 27

Encoding failure

Question 28

The ___ ___ is the physical change in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed.

Answer 28

Memory trace

Question 29

The memory retrieval problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of newer information is called ___ ___.

Answer 29

Proactive interference

Question 30

___ ___ is a memory retrieval problem that occurs when newer information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older information.

Answer 30

Retroactive interference

Question 31

The _____ is the area of brain responsible for the formation of long-term memories.

Answer 31

Hippocampus

Question 32

The primary memory difficulty in ____ ____ is anterograde amnesia, although retrograde amnesia can also occur as the disease progresses.

Answer 32

Alzheimer’s disease