ch 5 learning

Question 1

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice is called ____

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

The Russian physiologist (a scientist who studies the workings of the body) who discovered classical conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs was ___ ___

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov

Question 3

___ ___ is learning that makes a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex.

Answer 3

Classical Conditioning

Question 4

____ ___is a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response.

Answer 4

Unconditioned Stimulus

Question 5

___ ___ is an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 5

Unconditioned response

Question 6

A stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus is called a ____ ___

Answer 6

conditioned stimulus

Question 7

____ ___ is the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

Answer 7

Stimulus generalization

Question 8

___ ___ is the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 8

Stimulus discrimination

Question 9

A ___ is any event or object that, when following a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again.

Answer 9

reinforcer

Question 10

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called __ __

Answer 10

spontaneous recovery

Question 11

____ ___ _____ is a law stating that if a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated.

Answer 11

Thorndike’s law of effect

Question 12

Any behavior that is voluntary is called ___

Answer 12

operant

Question 13

The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus is called __ __

Answer 13

positive reinforcement

Question 14

The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus is called _ _

Answer 14

negative reinforcement

Question 15

The reinforcement of simple steps in a behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior is called ___

Answer 15

shaping

Question 16

The reinforcement of each and every correct response is called _ _

Answer 16

continuous reinforcement

Question 17

Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again is said to be ____

Answer 17

punishment

Question 18

___ ___ is the tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns.

Answer 18

Instinctive drift

Question 19

The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior is called _____ _____.

Answer 19

behavior modification

Question 20

___ ___ is the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past.

Answer 20

Learned helplessness

Question 21

Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior is known as ___ ____

Answer 21

observational learning