ch. 6 learning Flashcards
1
Q
learning
A
- a relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experience
- not permanent, something that sticks very well, change behavior or thinking
2
Q
classical conditioning
A
- Learning via associations between two stimuli (one is a neutral stimulus)
- Two things are going to get hooked together
- What happens before behavior
3
Q
operant conditioning
A
- Learning via consequences (rewards and punishments)
- What happens after behavior
4
Q
observational learning
A
- Learning via imitation
- Sometimes called “modeling”
5
Q
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A
- stimulus that does not require any prior learning
- dog food
6
Q
Unconditioned Response (UR)
A
- natural/automatic response
- salivate as a response to food
7
Q
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A
- the thing that is going to get paired together with the US
- metronome sound
8
Q
Conditioned Response (CR)
A
-newly learned response
- salivate in response to the metronome sound
9
Q
acquisition
A
- The initial learning of a conditioned response (CR)
- Learning curve shows how quickly learning takes place
- The flatter the curve, the longer it takes to get a conditioned response
- One-trial leaning means that it only takes one time to pair stimuli to get a response
10
Q
extinction
A
- The diminishing of a conditioned response (CR)
- Formula: CS is repeatedly presented without the US
- We’re not forgetting anything, we’re writing new learning on top of old learning
11
Q
Spontaneous Recovery
A
- The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response (CR)
- Require a response, salivating, dog gets three day weekend, and you get a response
12
Q
Generalization
A
- Respond to other similar stimuli
- The tendency for stimuli similar to the original CS to elicit a CR
- Organism learns to respond to more than one CS with a CR
13
Q
Discrimination
A
- organism learns to discriminate/differentiate/ distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal a US
14
Q
Positive reinforcement
A
- A response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus
- Learn to do more of something because after the act, something was given to you
- Example: 1) Child cleans his/her room 2) Parent presents candy as a reward
15
Q
Negative reinforcement
A
- A response is strengthened by the subsequent removal (or avoidance) of an aversive stimulus
- Example: 1) Child cleans his/her room 2) parent stops nagging child to do so
16
Q
Positive punishment
A
- A response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus
- Present something and you’re gonna get less of the behavior
- (+) Rapid results
- (-) Generalizability, can arouse negative emotions, modeling negative behaviors
- Example: 1) child kicks their sibling 2) parents scolds the child for doing so
17
Q
Negative punishment
A
- A response is weakened by the subsequent removal of a stimulus
- Example: 1) child kicks their sibling 2) parent takes away child’s favorite toy
18
Q
Shaping
A
- Reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
- Complex target behaviors can be shaped by rewarding successive approximations
- Reward “baby steps”
- Animals can learn very complex behaviors via shaping
19
Q
Primary reinforcers
A
- Reinforcers that are innately reinforcing, such as those that satisfy biological needs
-Biologically relevant - Ex: food, water, sex, etc.
20
Q
Secondary reinforcers
A
- Serve as reinforcers through their repeated pairings with primary reinforcers
- Also known as conditioned reinforcers
- Ex: money, compliments, hugs, etc
21
Q
Continuous reinforcement
A
Reinforces the behavior each and every time it occurs
22
Q
Partial reinforcement
A
Reinforces the behavior intermittently
23
Q
Ratio schedules
A
- Based on number of responses
- Fixed ratio (FR)
- Variable ratio (VR)
24
Q
Interval schedules
A
- Based on time since last reward
- Fixed interval (FI)
- Variable interval (VI)
25
fixed ratio schedule (FR)
- when a reward is given after a fixed number of responses
- ex: getting paid for every 10 tasks you complete
26
variable ratio schedule (VR)
- when you get rewarded after after an unpredictable number of actions
- ex: playing with a slot machine at a casino
27
fixed interval schedule (FI)
- getting rewarded after a set period of time
- ex: getting paid every two weeks
28
variable interval schedule (VI)
- getting rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time
ex: checking your phone every 5, then 10, then 20 minutes waiting a notification
29
4 steps to observational learning
1. Pay attention to the model’s behavior
2. Retain information in memory
3. Be physically capable of reproducing the behavior
4. Be motivated to display the behavior
