ch. 6 learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

• a relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experience
• not permanent, something that sticks very well, change behavior or thinking

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

• Learning via associations between two stimuli (one is a neutral stimulus)
• Two things are going to get hooked together
• What happens before behavior

Question 3

operant conditioning

Answer 3

• Learning via consequences (rewards and punishments)
• What happens after behavior

Question 4

observational learning

Answer 4

• Learning via imitation
• Sometimes called “modeling”

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 5

• stimulus that does not require any prior learning
• dog food

Question 6

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 6

• natural/automatic response
• salivate as a response to food

Question 7

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

• the thing that is going to get paired together with the US
• metronome sound

Question 8

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 8

-newly learned response
- salivate in response to the metronome sound

Question 9

acquisition

Answer 9

• The initial learning of a conditioned response (CR)
• Learning curve shows how quickly learning takes place
• The flatter the curve, the longer it takes to get a conditioned response
• One-trial leaning means that it only takes one time to pair stimuli to get a response

Question 10

extinction

Answer 10

• The diminishing of a conditioned response (CR)
• Formula: CS is repeatedly presented without the US
• We’re not forgetting anything, we’re writing new learning on top of old learning

Question 11

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 11

• The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response (CR)
• Require a response, salivating, dog gets three day weekend, and you get a response

Question 12

Generalization

Answer 12

• Respond to other similar stimuli
• The tendency for stimuli similar to the original CS to elicit a CR
• Organism learns to respond to more than one CS with a CR

Question 13

Discrimination

Answer 13

• organism learns to discriminate/differentiate/ distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal a US

Question 14

Positive reinforcement

Answer 14

• A response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus
• Learn to do more of something because after the act, something was given to you
• Example: 1) Child cleans his/her room 2) Parent presents candy as a reward

Question 15

Negative reinforcement

Answer 15

• A response is strengthened by the subsequent removal (or avoidance) of an aversive stimulus
• Example: 1) Child cleans his/her room 2) parent stops nagging child to do so

Question 16

Positive punishment

Answer 16

• A response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus
• Present something and you’re gonna get less of the behavior
• (+) Rapid results
• (-) Generalizability, can arouse negative emotions, modeling negative behaviors
• Example: 1) child kicks their sibling 2) parents scolds the child for doing so

Question 17

Negative punishment

Answer 17

• A response is weakened by the subsequent removal of a stimulus
• Example: 1) child kicks their sibling 2) parent takes away child’s favorite toy

Question 18

Shaping

Answer 18

• Reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
• Complex target behaviors can be shaped by rewarding successive approximations
• Reward “baby steps”
• Animals can learn very complex behaviors via shaping

Question 19

Primary reinforcers

Answer 19

• Reinforcers that are innately reinforcing, such as those that satisfy biological needs
  -Biologically relevant
• Ex: food, water, sex, etc.

Question 20

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 20

• Serve as reinforcers through their repeated pairings with primary reinforcers
• Also known as conditioned reinforcers
• Ex: money, compliments, hugs, etc

Question 21

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 21

Reinforces the behavior each and every time it occurs

Question 22

Partial reinforcement

Answer 22

Reinforces the behavior intermittently

Question 23

Ratio schedules

Answer 23

• Based on number of responses
• Fixed ratio (FR)
• Variable ratio (VR)

Question 24

Interval schedules

Answer 24

• Based on time since last reward
• Fixed interval (FI)
• Variable interval (VI)

Question 25

fixed ratio schedule (FR)

Answer 25

• when a reward is given after a fixed number of responses
• ex: getting paid for every 10 tasks you complete

Question 26

variable ratio schedule (VR)

Answer 26

• when you get rewarded after after an unpredictable number of actions
• ex: playing with a slot machine at a casino

Question 27

fixed interval schedule (FI)

Answer 27

• getting rewarded after a set period of time
• ex: getting paid every two weeks

Question 28

variable interval schedule (VI)

Answer 28

• getting rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time
  ex: checking your phone every 5, then 10, then 20 minutes waiting a notification

Question 29

4 steps to observational learning

Answer 29

1. Pay attention to the model’s behavior
2. Retain information in memory
3. Be physically capable of reproducing the behavior
4. Be motivated to display the behavior