Ch 6- Innate immunity: Inflammation and Wound healing Flashcards
What is the first line of defense?
Physical, mechanical, biochemical barriers
What is a second line of defense?
Inflammation, macrophages, neutrophils
What is the third line of defense?
Acquired or specific immunity, B cell/T cells
What happens during an inflammatory response?
- Mast cells release histamines= vasodilation
- Platelets enter to stop blood loss
- Macrophages/neutrophils arrive to phagocytize pathogen
- Pus accumulates
- Rapid leakage of ion and a rapid influx of fluids
what do prostaglandins do?
they oversee events and coordinate
What are the cellular components of inflammation?
- Vascular epithelium: principal coordinator
- Mast cells: an important inflammation activator
- Dendritic cells: connect innate and adaptive immune response
- Cytokines: regulate innate and adaptive immunity
- Lymphokines: cytokines released from lymphocytes
- Monokines: cytokines released from monocytes
- IL-1: produced by macrophages
- IL-6: produced by macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts
what are innate and adaptive system recruited by?
chemical molecules
What are chemical molecules released from?
From damaged or destroyed cells
how does covid 19 create an inflammatory response?
by activating a cytokine storm syndrome
What is the covid 19 treatment?
production of IL-6 antibodies to counteract effect
What is TNF-a?
it is a cytokine but not classified as an interleukin. it is released by macrophages and mast cells. it induces proinflammatory effects: fever, cachexia, fatal shock, and granuloma formation.
what is anti inflammatory cytokines?
Interleukin-10
what are the goals of the inflammatory response?
limit and control injury process (bleeding and infection) and intervention (clean wound, remove loose debris and treatments antibiotics)
What does itis tell us?
it tell us where the inflammation is located
what is inflammation activated by?
it is activated by cell injury or death due to infection, mechanical damage, ischemia, temp extremes, radiation
what are acute inflammation interventions?
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate: rate of RBC settling in saline solution
- C-Reactive protein: increases in response to inflammation
- Blood work for WBC count: shows increased neutrophils in blood stream which means they do not have a hold on the infection yet
what is acute inflammation?
lasts less than 2 weeks, swelling, pain, heat, and redness, localized and quick to diagnose, has 3 primary systemic changes: fever, leukocytosis, increased circulating proteins and can become chronic
what is chronic inflammation?
longer than 2 weeks, caused by microorganisms insensitive to phagocytosis, that can survive in a macrophage and that produce toxins, presents as a dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages if these macrophages unable to stop tissue damage, body walls off infected area by forming a granuloma (driven by TNF-a)
What is stage 1 wound healing process?
Inflammation
- Platelets: clot formation/initiate formation of undamaged cells
- Neutrophils: clean wound of debris and bacteria
- Macrophages: release growth factors/recruit fibroblasts/promote angiogenesis
What is stage 2 of the wound healing process?
Proliferation and new tissue formation
- Fibroblast proliferation= collagen synthesis
- Epithelization= epithelial cells migrate to the wound
- Cellular differentiation
-Various macrophages secretions
What is tissue repair primary intention?
a clean incision, early suture, results in fine scar
What is stage 3 of the wound healing process?
Remodeling and Maturation phase
- Cellular differentiation continues: unspecialized cells mature and perform important cellular functions
- Scar tissue formation and remodelling
- Fibroblast: major remodeling cell
what is tissue repair secondary intention?
gapping wound, wound is extensive/edges cant be brought together, ideal for contaminated or infected wounds it heals spontaneously
what is tissue repair third intention?
delayed primary closure, open wound, increased granulation, allows for observations
what is adhesions?
abnormal union of membranous surfaces
what is strictures and contractures?
excess of wound contraction (healing cells tend to pull other cells toward them)
what are infections?
wound is reinfected with initial/new pathogen
what is dehiscence?
incision seperates following surgery
what is evisceration?
surgical complication/ incision opens and abdominal organs protrude
what is excess scar formation?
caused by excess tension/movement
what causes dysfunctional wound healing?
- Blood supply (low or high)
- Obesity
- Excessive fibrin
- Diabetes
- Wound infection
- Nutrition
- Medications: antineoplastic (for cancer to slow cell division) and steroids (prevent macrophages from migrating to site)
