Ch 6- Innate immunity: Inflammation and Wound healing

Question 1

What is the first line of defense?

Answer 1

Physical, mechanical, biochemical barriers

Question 2

What is a second line of defense?

Answer 2

Inflammation, macrophages, neutrophils

Question 3

What is the third line of defense?

Answer 3

Acquired or specific immunity, B cell/T cells

Question 4

What happens during an inflammatory response?

Answer 4

• Mast cells release histamines= vasodilation
• Platelets enter to stop blood loss
• Macrophages/neutrophils arrive to phagocytize pathogen
• Pus accumulates
• Rapid leakage of ion and a rapid influx of fluids

Question 5

what do prostaglandins do?

Answer 5

they oversee events and coordinate

Question 6

What are the cellular components of inflammation?

Answer 6

• Vascular epithelium: principal coordinator
• Mast cells: an important inflammation activator
• Dendritic cells: connect innate and adaptive immune response
• Cytokines: regulate innate and adaptive immunity
• Lymphokines: cytokines released from lymphocytes
• Monokines: cytokines released from monocytes
• IL-1: produced by macrophages
• IL-6: produced by macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts

Question 7

what are innate and adaptive system recruited by?

Answer 7

chemical molecules

Question 8

What are chemical molecules released from?

Answer 8

From damaged or destroyed cells

Question 9

how does covid 19 create an inflammatory response?

Answer 9

by activating a cytokine storm syndrome

Question 10

What is the covid 19 treatment?

Answer 10

production of IL-6 antibodies to counteract effect

Question 11

What is TNF-a?

Answer 11

it is a cytokine but not classified as an interleukin. it is released by macrophages and mast cells. it induces proinflammatory effects: fever, cachexia, fatal shock, and granuloma formation.

Question 12

what is anti inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 12

Interleukin-10

Question 13

what are the goals of the inflammatory response?

Answer 13

limit and control injury process (bleeding and infection) and intervention (clean wound, remove loose debris and treatments antibiotics)

Question 14

What does itis tell us?

Answer 14

it tell us where the inflammation is located

Question 15

what is inflammation activated by?

Answer 15

it is activated by cell injury or death due to infection, mechanical damage, ischemia, temp extremes, radiation

Question 16

what are acute inflammation interventions?

Answer 16

1. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate: rate of RBC settling in saline solution
2. C-Reactive protein: increases in response to inflammation
3. Blood work for WBC count: shows increased neutrophils in blood stream which means they do not have a hold on the infection yet

Question 17

what is acute inflammation?

Answer 17

lasts less than 2 weeks, swelling, pain, heat, and redness, localized and quick to diagnose, has 3 primary systemic changes: fever, leukocytosis, increased circulating proteins and can become chronic

Question 18

what is chronic inflammation?

Answer 18

longer than 2 weeks, caused by microorganisms insensitive to phagocytosis, that can survive in a macrophage and that produce toxins, presents as a dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages if these macrophages unable to stop tissue damage, body walls off infected area by forming a granuloma (driven by TNF-a)

Question 19

What is stage 1 wound healing process?

Answer 19

Inflammation
- Platelets: clot formation/initiate formation of undamaged cells
- Neutrophils: clean wound of debris and bacteria
- Macrophages: release growth factors/recruit fibroblasts/promote angiogenesis

Question 20

What is stage 2 of the wound healing process?

Answer 20

Proliferation and new tissue formation
- Fibroblast proliferation= collagen synthesis
- Epithelization= epithelial cells migrate to the wound
- Cellular differentiation
-Various macrophages secretions

Question 21

What is tissue repair primary intention?

Answer 21

a clean incision, early suture, results in fine scar

Question 22

What is stage 3 of the wound healing process?

Answer 22

Remodeling and Maturation phase
- Cellular differentiation continues: unspecialized cells mature and perform important cellular functions
- Scar tissue formation and remodelling
- Fibroblast: major remodeling cell

Question 23

what is tissue repair secondary intention?

Answer 23

gapping wound, wound is extensive/edges cant be brought together, ideal for contaminated or infected wounds it heals spontaneously

Question 24

what is tissue repair third intention?

Answer 24

delayed primary closure, open wound, increased granulation, allows for observations

Question 25

what is adhesions?

Answer 25

abnormal union of membranous surfaces

Question 26

what is strictures and contractures?

Answer 26

excess of wound contraction (healing cells tend to pull other cells toward them)

Question 27

what are infections?

Answer 27

wound is reinfected with initial/new pathogen

Question 28

what is dehiscence?

Answer 28

incision seperates following surgery

Question 29

what is evisceration?

Answer 29

surgical complication/ incision opens and abdominal organs protrude

Question 30

what is excess scar formation?

Answer 30

caused by excess tension/movement

Question 31

what causes dysfunctional wound healing?

Answer 31

• Blood supply (low or high)
• Obesity
• Excessive fibrin
• Diabetes
• Wound infection
• Nutrition
• Medications: antineoplastic (for cancer to slow cell division) and steroids (prevent macrophages from migrating to site)