Ch 2- Genes + Genetic Diseases

Question 1

What does symptoms mean?

Answer 1

Symptoms are the subjective findings usually straight from the patient. For example pain scale

Question 1

What does signs mean?

Answer 1

Signs are the objective reading. For ex Vitals

Question 2

What does Acute disease mean?

Answer 2

sudden appearance of si/sy. Last shorter

Question 4

What does chronic disease mean?

Answer 4

develops slowly and last long

Question 5

what does prevalence mean?

Answer 5

indicates all current cases of the disease

Question 6

what does incidence mean?

Answer 6

indicates number of new cases

Question 7

what does predisposing factor mean?

Answer 7

risk factor/increased probability of disease occurence

Question 8

what does precipitating factor mean?

Answer 8

disease trigger/ condition that causes disease

Question 9

what does morbidity mean?

Answer 9

condition of being diseased

Question 10

what does mortality mean?

Answer 10

related to risk of death

Question 11

what does syndrome mean?

Answer 11

group of signs and symptoms which occur together

Question 12

what does disorder mean?

Answer 12

abnormality of function

Question 13

what does epidemiology mean?

Answer 13

study of tracking patterns of disease occurence

Question 14

what does remission mean?

Answer 14

symptoms disappear or diminish

Question 15

what does exacerbation mean?

Answer 15

sudden increase in severity

Question 16

what does complication mean?

Answer 16

Medical problem that occurs during a disease or after a procedure or treatment

Question 17

what does etiology mean:

Answer 17

cause of disease

Question 18

what does idiopathic mean?

Answer 18

unknown cause

Question 19

what does latrogenic mean?

Answer 19

occurs as a result of treatment

Question 20

what does nosocomial mean?

Answer 20

disease originating in the hospital

Question 21

Describe DNA

Answer 21

• double helix model
• held together by hydrogen bonds
• backbone of deoxyribose-phosphate
• has 4 nitrogen bases
• A with T
• G with C

Question 22

How does DNA replication happen?

Answer 22

The strand is broken at the replication fork, and new hydrogen bonds form between new complementary nucleotides. Resulting in 2 identical copies of the original DNA. Antiparallel strands, + makes -, - makes +.

Question 23

what are amino acids?

Answer 23

3 nitrogen bases code for an amino acid called a codon. there are 20 types in the body. a protein is a specific combo of amino acids. DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins by ribosomes.

Question 24

How does DNA makes mRNA?

Answer 24

you have a dna coding strand and template stand that divide. then a short RNA strand moves over the template strand where correct amino acids are put onto the RNA strand. this sequence creates a recipe for a protein. RNA leaves the nucleus going to the ribosome.

Question 25

how does mRNA create a protein (translation)?

Answer 25

1. Ribosome and mRNA join
2. tRNA carry anti codon to ribosome
3. anticodons and mRNA codon pair together
4. anticodons create a polyteptide
5. process ends at stop codon
   resulting in DNA transcribed a sequence of amino acids onto RNA. ribosome is translated that sequence into a polypeptide protein

Question 26

What does meiosis end in?/ What does mitosis end in?

Answer 26

meiosis= 4 unique n cells
mitosis= 2 identical 2n cells

Question 27

what is a substitution mutation?

Answer 27

inappropriate sequence of nucleotides= new amino acid

Question 28

what is a insertion mutation?

Answer 28

insertion of new inappropriate nucleotide = multiple new amino acids

Question 29

what is a deletion mutation?

Answer 29

appropriate nucleotide removed= multiple new amino acids

Question 30

What happens if a mutation provides no benefit?

Answer 30

No evolution

Question 31

what happens if a mutation provides a negative benefit

Answer 31

extinction

Question 32

what happens if a mutation provides a positive benefit?

Answer 32

becomes dominant in environment

Question 33

what is a base pair substitution? what are the 2 types?

Answer 33

one base pair replaces another base pair. Missense= produce a change in a single amino acid. Nonsense= produce one of three stops codons

Question 34

what is a frameshift mutation?

Answer 34

Insertion or deletion of one or more base pairs. this greatly alter amino acid sequences. this results in a dramatic change to protein produced at ribosome.

Question 35

what does autosomal dominant mean?

Answer 35

gene in question is on one of the numbered or non sex chromosomes and means a single copy of disease associated mutation strong enough to cause disease

Question 36

what does autosomal recessive mean?

Answer 36

found on one of numbered or non sex chromosomes and two copies of mutation is required to cause disease

Question 37

what does X linked inheritance mean?

Answer 37

This means the gene is carried by the mother, and then passed on, male children become affected while female children become carriers.

Question 38

what does polygenic traits mean?

Answer 38

traits affected by more than 1 gene