Ch 4- Altered cellular and tissue biology

Question 1

What is cellular injury?

Answer 1

Occurs if cell unable to maintain homeostasis

Question 2

what does atrophy mean?

Answer 2

decrease in cellular size

Question 3

what is hyperplasia?

Answer 3

increase in number of cells

Question 4

what is hypertrophy?

Answer 4

increase in cellular size

Question 5

what is metaplasia?

Answer 5

replacement of one type of cell with another

Question 6

what is dysplasia

Answer 6

deranged cellular growth

Question 7

what is the most common cause of cellular injury?

Answer 7

hypoxic injury

Question 8

what is ischemia?

Answer 8

the most common type of hypoxia. This is reduced o2 to mitochondria which causes a reduced production of ATP which causes an increased accumulation of H+ in mitochondria causing an increase in intracellular H+ which leads to necrosis

Question 9

what is ischemia-reperfusion injury?

Answer 9

injury caused by restoration of blood flow and oxygen. causes a decrease in ATP causing failure of sodium-potassium pump. cellular swelling and shrinking happens

Question 10

what is a free radical?

Answer 10

they are missing an electron and attacks a healthy atom to obtain a replacement electron.

Question 11

what is oxidative stress?

Answer 11

if we have too many free radicals and not enough antioxidants to break down current free radicals which causes damage to our cells

Question 12

what do free radicals cause?

Answer 12

1. Lipid peroxidation
2. Alteration of proteins
3. Alteration of DNA

Question 13

what are xenobiotics?

Answer 13

substances foreign to body

Question 14

What are some examples of xenobiotics?

Answer 14

1. Lead: blood brain barrier in fetus is immature and can result in lead poisioning
2. Carbon monoxide: causes hypoxic injury due to oxygen deprivation/CO attaches to mitochondria with a higher affinity than O2
3. Ethanol (alcohol): absorbed in stomach
4. Mercury
5. Medications

Question 15

what are some types of asphyxiation?

Answer 15

1. suffocation: no air exchange
2. strangulation: causes cerebral hypoxia
3. drowning: no oxygen exchange
4. Chemical: oxygen cant get to cells and cant be utilized
   EX: carbon monoxide: binds to Hb in same position as oxygen/ treatment: hyperbaric chamber. Cyanide: blocks utilization of oxygen at ETC= cardiac arrest

Question 16

what is asphyxiation?

Answer 16

failure of cells to receive or use oxygen

Question 17

what is a contusion?

Answer 17

crushing injury to muscle/ mild= building

Question 18

what is laceration?

Answer 18

irregular cut from tearing/irregular edges

Question 19

what is incision?

Answer 19

sharp strait wound

Question 20

what is a fracture?

Answer 20

broken or shattered bones

Question 21

what is an incised wound?

Answer 21

wound is longer that it is deep

Question 22

what is a stab wound?

Answer 22

wound is deeper than it is long

Question 23

what is a puncture wound?

Answer 23

sharp point but not sharp edges

Question 24

what is the potential reason of pathogen infection?

Answer 24

1. invasion and destruction
2. toxin production
3. production of hyper immune reactions

Question 25

what is apoptosis?

Answer 25

natural cell death, occurs as normal in an orderly process. The cells breaks up into sections/ taken away by immune system

Question 26

What is autophagy?

Answer 26

eating away at itself cell for nutrients

Question 27

what is necrosis?

Answer 27

swelling and bursting of cell membrane. This is due to disease, injury, failure of blood supply. this occurs at cellular level

Question 28

what is coagulative necrosis?

Answer 28

kidney and heart. Cause is ischemia or infraction. can be revived. the result of protein denaturation

Question 29

what is caseous necrosis?

Answer 29

dead tissue resemble clumped cheese. cause is tuberculosis. cells get enveloped by other cells. an increased mass= decreased lung space

Question 29

what is liquefactive necrosis?

Answer 29

brain. ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells. transforms tissue into liquid. cause infarction. Streptococci/ E coli

Question 29

what is gangrenous necrosis?

Answer 29

severe hypoxic injury often to major arteries in lower leg. becomes medium for bacterial growth.

Question 29

what is fatty necrosis?

Answer 29

breasts and abdominal organs. action of lipases. usually harmless.

Question 29

what is gas gangrene?

Answer 29

due to clostridium. fatal if it enter blood and diminishes oxygen-carrying capacity of RBC. clostridium enters wound produces gas

Question 30

what is cellular aging?

Answer 30

atrophy, decreased function, and loss of cells

Question 31

what is tissue and systemic aging?

Answer 31

progessive stiffness and rigidity. sarcopenia (loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength)

Question 32

what is frailty?

Answer 32

Mobility, balance, muscle strength, motor activity, cognition, nutrition, endurance, falls, fractures, and bone density.