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Patho > Ch 4- Altered cellular and tissue biology > Flashcards

Ch 4- Altered cellular and tissue biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is cellular injury?

A

Occurs if cell unable to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

what does atrophy mean?

A

decrease in cellular size

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3
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

increase in number of cells

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4
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

increase in cellular size

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5
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

replacement of one type of cell with another

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6
Q

what is dysplasia

A

deranged cellular growth

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7
Q

what is the most common cause of cellular injury?

A

hypoxic injury

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8
Q

what is ischemia?

A

the most common type of hypoxia. This is reduced o2 to mitochondria which causes a reduced production of ATP which causes an increased accumulation of H+ in mitochondria causing an increase in intracellular H+ which leads to necrosis

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9
Q

what is ischemia-reperfusion injury?

A

injury caused by restoration of blood flow and oxygen. causes a decrease in ATP causing failure of sodium-potassium pump. cellular swelling and shrinking happens

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10
Q

what is a free radical?

A

they are missing an electron and attacks a healthy atom to obtain a replacement electron.

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11
Q

what is oxidative stress?

A

if we have too many free radicals and not enough antioxidants to break down current free radicals which causes damage to our cells

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12
Q

what do free radicals cause?

A
  1. Lipid peroxidation
  2. Alteration of proteins
  3. Alteration of DNA
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13
Q

what are xenobiotics?

A

substances foreign to body

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14
Q

What are some examples of xenobiotics?

A
  1. Lead: blood brain barrier in fetus is immature and can result in lead poisioning
  2. Carbon monoxide: causes hypoxic injury due to oxygen deprivation/CO attaches to mitochondria with a higher affinity than O2
  3. Ethanol (alcohol): absorbed in stomach
  4. Mercury
  5. Medications
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15
Q

what are some types of asphyxiation?

A
  1. suffocation: no air exchange
  2. strangulation: causes cerebral hypoxia
  3. drowning: no oxygen exchange
  4. Chemical: oxygen cant get to cells and cant be utilized
    EX: carbon monoxide: binds to Hb in same position as oxygen/ treatment: hyperbaric chamber. Cyanide: blocks utilization of oxygen at ETC= cardiac arrest
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16
Q

what is asphyxiation?

A

failure of cells to receive or use oxygen

17
Q

what is a contusion?

A

crushing injury to muscle/ mild= building

18
Q

what is laceration?

A

irregular cut from tearing/irregular edges

19
Q

what is incision?

A

sharp strait wound

20
Q

what is a fracture?

A

broken or shattered bones

21
Q

what is an incised wound?

A

wound is longer that it is deep

22
Q

what is a stab wound?

A

wound is deeper than it is long

23
Q

what is a puncture wound?

A

sharp point but not sharp edges

24
Q

what is the potential reason of pathogen infection?

A
  1. invasion and destruction
  2. toxin production
  3. production of hyper immune reactions
25
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

natural cell death, occurs as normal in an orderly process. The cells breaks up into sections/ taken away by immune system

26
Q

What is autophagy?

A

eating away at itself cell for nutrients

27
Q

what is necrosis?

A

swelling and bursting of cell membrane. This is due to disease, injury, failure of blood supply. this occurs at cellular level

28
Q

what is coagulative necrosis?

A

kidney and heart. Cause is ischemia or infraction. can be revived. the result of protein denaturation

29
Q

what is caseous necrosis?

A

dead tissue resemble clumped cheese. cause is tuberculosis. cells get enveloped by other cells. an increased mass= decreased lung space

29
Q

what is liquefactive necrosis?

A

brain. ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells. transforms tissue into liquid. cause infarction. Streptococci/ E coli

29
Q

what is gangrenous necrosis?

A

severe hypoxic injury often to major arteries in lower leg. becomes medium for bacterial growth.

29
Q

what is fatty necrosis?

A

breasts and abdominal organs. action of lipases. usually harmless.

29
Q

what is gas gangrene?

A

due to clostridium. fatal if it enter blood and diminishes oxygen-carrying capacity of RBC. clostridium enters wound produces gas

30
Q

what is cellular aging?

A

atrophy, decreased function, and loss of cells

31
Q

what is tissue and systemic aging?

A

progessive stiffness and rigidity. sarcopenia (loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength)

32
Q

what is frailty?

A

Mobility, balance, muscle strength, motor activity, cognition, nutrition, endurance, falls, fractures, and bone density.

Patho (7 decks)

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