Ch 4- Altered cellular and tissue biology Flashcards
What is cellular injury?
Occurs if cell unable to maintain homeostasis
what does atrophy mean?
decrease in cellular size
what is hyperplasia?
increase in number of cells
what is hypertrophy?
increase in cellular size
what is metaplasia?
replacement of one type of cell with another
what is dysplasia
deranged cellular growth
what is the most common cause of cellular injury?
hypoxic injury
what is ischemia?
the most common type of hypoxia. This is reduced o2 to mitochondria which causes a reduced production of ATP which causes an increased accumulation of H+ in mitochondria causing an increase in intracellular H+ which leads to necrosis
what is ischemia-reperfusion injury?
injury caused by restoration of blood flow and oxygen. causes a decrease in ATP causing failure of sodium-potassium pump. cellular swelling and shrinking happens
what is a free radical?
they are missing an electron and attacks a healthy atom to obtain a replacement electron.
what is oxidative stress?
if we have too many free radicals and not enough antioxidants to break down current free radicals which causes damage to our cells
what do free radicals cause?
- Lipid peroxidation
- Alteration of proteins
- Alteration of DNA
what are xenobiotics?
substances foreign to body
What are some examples of xenobiotics?
- Lead: blood brain barrier in fetus is immature and can result in lead poisioning
- Carbon monoxide: causes hypoxic injury due to oxygen deprivation/CO attaches to mitochondria with a higher affinity than O2
- Ethanol (alcohol): absorbed in stomach
- Mercury
- Medications
what are some types of asphyxiation?
- suffocation: no air exchange
- strangulation: causes cerebral hypoxia
- drowning: no oxygen exchange
- Chemical: oxygen cant get to cells and cant be utilized
EX: carbon monoxide: binds to Hb in same position as oxygen/ treatment: hyperbaric chamber. Cyanide: blocks utilization of oxygen at ETC= cardiac arrest
what is asphyxiation?
failure of cells to receive or use oxygen
what is a contusion?
crushing injury to muscle/ mild= building
what is laceration?
irregular cut from tearing/irregular edges
what is incision?
sharp strait wound
what is a fracture?
broken or shattered bones
what is an incised wound?
wound is longer that it is deep
what is a stab wound?
wound is deeper than it is long
what is a puncture wound?
sharp point but not sharp edges
what is the potential reason of pathogen infection?
- invasion and destruction
- toxin production
- production of hyper immune reactions
what is apoptosis?
natural cell death, occurs as normal in an orderly process. The cells breaks up into sections/ taken away by immune system
What is autophagy?
eating away at itself cell for nutrients
what is necrosis?
swelling and bursting of cell membrane. This is due to disease, injury, failure of blood supply. this occurs at cellular level
what is coagulative necrosis?
kidney and heart. Cause is ischemia or infraction. can be revived. the result of protein denaturation
what is caseous necrosis?
dead tissue resemble clumped cheese. cause is tuberculosis. cells get enveloped by other cells. an increased mass= decreased lung space
what is liquefactive necrosis?
brain. ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells. transforms tissue into liquid. cause infarction. Streptococci/ E coli
what is gangrenous necrosis?
severe hypoxic injury often to major arteries in lower leg. becomes medium for bacterial growth.
what is fatty necrosis?
breasts and abdominal organs. action of lipases. usually harmless.
what is gas gangrene?
due to clostridium. fatal if it enter blood and diminishes oxygen-carrying capacity of RBC. clostridium enters wound produces gas
what is cellular aging?
atrophy, decreased function, and loss of cells
what is tissue and systemic aging?
progessive stiffness and rigidity. sarcopenia (loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength)
what is frailty?
Mobility, balance, muscle strength, motor activity, cognition, nutrition, endurance, falls, fractures, and bone density.
