Ch 6 Health of Younger Adults-Family planning & population planning

Question 1

what is family planning

Answer 1

• FAMILY PLANNING helps women and men make decisions abt how many kids they want and how many yrs between pregs they want

Question 2

what is birth spacing and what are its benefits

Answer 2

• BIRTH SPACING is beneficial to mum and babe as both are usually healthier when women have fewer pregs. When time between one babes birth and the next is short the older babe risks malnutrition as its weaned sooner and there are less resources per child and the younger babe has inc risk of low birthwt and preterm birth

Question 3

what is contraception

and what is the only guaranteed way of preventing pregnancy

Answer 3

• CONTRACEPTION=intentional prevention of preg

* Complete sexual abstinence is only guaranteed way to prevent preg

Question 4

what is periodic abstinence

Answer 4

• PERIODIC ABSTINENCE is practiced by some couples who avoid intercourse during days the woman is ovulating

Question 5

.• Other contraceptives that are longer term:

Answer 5

• Other contraceptives that are longer term: weekly patch, monthly injections, vials placed under the skin of the upper arm that release med for up to 5 years

Question 6

how do IUDs work

Answer 6

• IUDS create envt unfavourable to sperm and may inhibit the implantation of fertilized eggs in the endometrium

Question 7

when comparing comparing contraceptive methods using preg rate in 1st year of typical (not perfect use) which are best

Answer 7

IUD is best after sx and abstaining at 1%,

Question 8

how do M &F condoms compare
are these better than withdrawal method, no contraceptive method, spermicide, periodic abstinence, oral contraceptive, transdermal ring, intravaginal ring

put them in order best to worst

Answer 8

• all the same at 8% are oral transdermal and intravaginal ring;
• male condom has a 15% vs female at 21%
• spermicide alone 29% is comparable to periodic abstinence at 12-25% and withdrawal method at 27%
• no contraceptive method 85%

Question 9

is abortion a form of contraception

Answer 9

• abortions aren’t a form of contraception as they end a preg rather than prevent it
• ABORTION is termination or loss of a preg

Question 10

which of those 8 countries had highest contraceptive use

what about worst

Answer 10

• Place with highest contraceptive use was China then brazil then S korea then US. Sierra leone is worst on the graph

Question 11

what is gravidity, fertility, parity

which is used to measure pregnancies in a population and why

Answer 11

• GRAVIDITY total # of times a woman has been preg and includes miscarriages, abortions, stillbirths, and live births
• FERTILITY is the total # of births, whether a stillbirth or live birth
• PARITY=total number of live births

• Few miscarriages are reported so fertility is used to meas pregs in a pop

Question 12

what are the goals of family planning in relation to gravidity and parity

Answer 12

• The goal of family planning is to minimize unplanned pregs (dec gravidity) and maximize the health of babes from pregs that do occur (so that parity is as close to possible as gravidity)

Question 13

what is one of the best predictors of dec fertility and why

Answer 13

• One of best predictors of dec fertility is female education because due to literacy they work outside the home which can delay marriage and first preg. Also educated women can make better decisions about contraception and childbearing as they can understand and act on info

Question 14

how many kids does a woman need to have to have a “replaccement population”

Answer 14

• Fertility rate impacts pop health. If each woman has avg of 2 kids this produces just a REPLACEMENT POPULATION and the pop size will stay the same over geerations (part of demographic transition fertility rate dec)

Question 15

fertility rates in Africa vs Canada and Europe

Answer 15

countries with fertility rates >5 or >3 were mostly in sub-saharan/central Africa. Canadas and Europe is <2

Question 16

which controversial event in Africa & what year was it posited that women should be able to decide how many kids they wanted without interference

Answer 16

• Cairo Conference on Population and development in 1994 which focused on womens empowerment and reproductive rights got religious groups like Roman Catholic Church concerned when the Cairo conference talked about the ability of women to decide how many kids they want without interference

Question 17

what is happening to the doubling time of pop growth and what shape does pop growth pattern have

when and at how much is the worlds pop expected to level off

Answer 17

• The doubling time is getting shorter. From 1950-1990 the worlds pop doubled from 2.5 billion to 5
• The worlds population has recently had a J shaped growth pattern where theres a sudden recent inc in human pop
• The current pop is approx 7 billion and its expected to level off at about 9 billion by 2100

Question 18

what is carrying capacity

what can it be approximated with

Answer 18

• CARRYING CAPACITY is max human pop that earth can sustain. Its hard to calculate as it depends on std of living and ultural factors and pop density, climate, and land resources avail
• Carrying capacity can be approximated with ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT estimates based on the per capita area of land nec to meet a pops consumption patterns. Earth probly couldn’t support the current world pop if we all had US ecological footprint

Question 19

in 1798 this person theorized something grim would happen with the growing pop vs the eart

Answer 19

• 1798 Thomas Malthus proposed a famous scenario where at some point the pop would exceed food supply and the result would be mass famine, epidemics and war but these MALTHUSIAN CATASTROPHES haven’t occurred and food prod is currently moving faster than pop growth

Question 20

what are two checks on exponential growth

Answer 20

• Two checks on exponential growth are that fertility rates gen dec when economic conditions improve in a region and another is the inc use of modern family planning methods

Question 21

how do low income countries encourage dec fertility rate

Answer 21

giving direct gov support fr distribution of family planning info and contraceptives.

Question 22

How long has Kenya had govt population planning policy and why did this come about

Answer 22

Kenya has had govt pop policy sice 1967 and since 2005 have allocated govt funds directly for contracetives to improve maternal and infant survival. These policies come from Kilimajaro programme of action from 2nd African pop conference in Arusha

Question 23

what is indias govt family planning policy like these days, what do they focus on
how long have they had one

Answer 23

• India has had govt family planning since 1951 and has shifted from focus on distribution of barrier contraceptives to focus on steriliziaton, esp of young women, with a focus on birth spacing

Question 24

what was chinas policy called, what is the slogan and when did this come about. was it effective?

Answer 24

• China had one of most aggressive policies “late, long, few” policy of the 1970s cut the fertility rate in half
• Chinas one child policy adopted in 1979 had the aim of using economic and educationa incentives to promote 1 child families, esp in urban areas.

Question 25

what exceptions to the 1 child policy were there and what was the result

Answer 25

There were exceptions for rural, wealthy,highly educated, parents who are both only kids and for some minority groups and chinas fertility rate is approx 1.8 per couple not 1

• The 1 child policy was controversial d/t infanticide (esp of girls), sterilization, forced abortions and other human rights isues
• Chinas male female ratio is now skewed although the govt says theyre committed to righting it
• China has achieved what it feels is satisfactory growth and fertility rate

Question 26

what is a concern when yu only have one kid per family

Answer 26

• Concern is one-two-four structure where theres one grandkid to support two parents and 4 grandparents

Question 27

MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIY

what happened in brazil with ferility rates and govt involvement in this. who else was involved

Answer 27

: Brazils fertility rate has dec sisgnifiantly recent decades even with little promotion of contraceptive use by govt
• NGOs in 1960s were first to give reproductive health services
• 1980s ministry of health initated several maternal health programs that focused on comprehensive health care rather than emphasizing fertility control
• Only in 2000s did the federal govt commit to supply free or cheap contraceptives to reproduciv age men and women and to inc access to both sterilization and infertility Tx

Question 28

whic country has one of the lowest feritlity rates in the world
how do they incentivize childbearing

Answer 28

• 2006 the govt introd new plan to promote childbearing that aims to help women balance work and family responsibilities. Govt covers many costs assoc w health care for pregnant women,gives tax breaks to cover childcare costs and pays for 90 days mat leave and gives a subsidy for stay at home parents
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