Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Global Health Final Cards > ch 11 Nutrition > Flashcards

ch 11 Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

examples of macronutrients and micronutrients

A

macronutrients (eg carbs, protein, fats and oils)

micronutritient like vitamins and minerals also needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

examples of disaccharides

what are complex carbs

A

o Table sugar or sucrose is a disaccharide of glucose and fructose
o Complex carbs=starches-found in whole grain products and keep person feeling full longer as they take longer to dgest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

approx what % of caloric intake should be carbs

A

45-65% of calories in a day should be carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how many amino acids are there and what are the ones called that our bodies cant make (in gen)

A

20 diff kinds of amino acids of which

we are unable to produce 8 (““essential amino acids”” that must be acquired through food)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what % of cals should be from protein

A

o 10-35% of ddaily cals should come from high quality proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

difference between fats and oils

A

o Fats are lipids of animal origin like butter or lard that are solid at room temp
o Oils are lipids of plant origin like corn oil that are liquids at room temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what boy processes, fxs are lipids nec for

A

o Lipids are nec for LT energy storage, insulation, protective padding around internal organs and assistance w nutrient absorption
o Theyre nec for processing of Vits ADEK and are nec to make compounds eg steroid hormones

or vitamin DAKE…like drake but with no R. I dont know how drake relates to vitamins..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

% of cals that should be from lipids

A

o 20-35% of cals should be healthy fats and oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

gen fx of vitamins

A

o Vitamins act as regulators and help the body use energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

from fig 11-1 on p 251

which areas get less than 10% of cals from protein

A

some asian/western pacific countries

parts of central africa and western africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how many quarts of water do peope lose a day through urinating, swating exhalation

A

2-3 qts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

fig on p 253

which countries/areas get over 35% of their cals from fat

A

N america
most of europe
australia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is folate? aka?
key functions?
how often to take it?

A

aka folic acid or vit B9
nec for cell production, growth, RBC production
must be taken daily because cant be stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

who is vit B9 so essential so essential for and why

A

women of childbearing age must make sure to have lots

def can cause neural tube defects in dev fetuses eg anencephaly or spina bifida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is anencephaly and what is spina bifida

A

anencephaly is fatal condition where brain doesnt dev

spina bifida the spinal cord doesnt dev properly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is vit c nec for and what are the problems of deficiency

A

o Vit C is essential antioxidant that dec free radicals and helps body absorb iron and make collagen
also helps with metabolism, immune fx

can get scurvy: bone pain, beeding gums, loose tooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

biotin or vit B _
key fx
problems of def

A

7
metabolism
skin rash and mental change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

niacin or vit B _
key fx
problems or def

A

B3
metb, skin health, digestive and nervous sys fx

pellagra: dark, peeling rash on skin exposed to sun, diarrhea, mental changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pantothenc acid or vit B _
fx
deficiencies

A

B5
metb, RBC prod

paresthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pyridoxine or vit B _
fx
def

A

B6
cell prod
anemia or mental changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

thiamine or vit B _
fx
def

A

B 1
metb, nerve fx

beriberi: weakness, arrythmias, heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

vit A aka
fx
def

A

retinol and carotene

eye, skin and bone

inc suscept to infect and death, night blindness, blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

riboflavin aka vit B _

A

vit b 2
metb, skin and eye health
cracked lips, mouth and throat sores, scaly skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

vit B12

A

cell prod

anemia and mental changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

vit D nec for

def

A

bone growth and health

rickets in kids: bowed legs or knock knees, spinal deformities, swollen bones in wrists, muscle weakness

osteomalacia in adults: bone pain, fractures, muscle weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

vit E

A

antioxidant

anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

vit k

A

blood clotting

bleeding disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

which mineral promotes wound healing

A

zinc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

which mineral is nec for strong bones and healthy teeth
how do we get it
is there a limit

A

fluoride
so some communities add fluoride to water

o Fluoride can cause weak bones and teeth if excess fluoride (fluorosis) replaces some of the calcium in teeth, stains teeth brown and causes teeth to become pitted or break

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

i didnt bother with the table of mineral deficiencies on pg 256

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q 
ich vit deficiencies cause
pellagra
beriberi
rickets
osteomalacia
A

pellagra-Niacin or vit B 3
beriberi-thiamine or vit B1
rickets-vit D
osteomalacia-vit D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

anthropometry defn and use

A

the meas of the human body

eg ht, wt, waist circumference, body fat % can help indicate if under/overwt and to predict health risks

33
Q

waist circumferences of _ for f and _ for M are assoc w inc risk of diabetes and heart disease

A

o Waist circumference >35 for women or >40inches for man is assoc w inc risk of DM and heart disease

34
Q

how to calculate BMI and what underwt, overwt, and normal wts are

A

o BMI is calcultated by taking wt in kgs and dvidiing it by the square of the height in meters
o BMI of less than 18.5 indicates underwt, BMI of 18.5 to 25 is in noral range and >25 is overwt w over 30 being obesity

35
Q

limitations of using BMI

A

o Limitations of BMI: doesn’t consider body fat (could be muscly and heavy) or meas fitness level (could be normal sie but have poor cardio endurance)

36
Q

what are more acurate measures for kids

A

o For kids healthy growth meas that are accurate are weight for heigh, wt for age, height for age

37
Q

what is MUAC and what other measure of a child is useful but might not be as accurate as wt for height etc

A

o Can also do MUAC-mid upper arm circumference for age and childs head circumference for age as useful to assess growth

38
Q

in order to use a growth chart for a kid what do parennts need to know

A

o Global growth stds for kids from birth though 60mos are provided by WHO. Kids follow similar patterns of growth and this can be used worldwide. BUT it requires parents knowing the kids birth date

39
Q

what does it mean if a kid is under the 15th percentile using a wt for age chart with age in mos on x and wt in lbs on y axis

when would they be considered severely underwt

A

o If underweight they are below the 15th percentile

o If severely underwt theyre under the 3rd percentile for his or her age

40
Q

what kind of health issues might a babe face if low birthwt

A

o Low birthweight babies ave inc risk of breathing probems and other life threatening issues during first wks of life.
Some may dev learning disabilities, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, visual or hearing impairment esp if very LBW

41
Q

what is stunting and what is wasting

A

o Undernourished kids may have stunting (low ht for age) and wasting (low wt for ht)

42
Q

what other health issue might arise with undernourishment where the kid has moderate wt and a swollen belly. why is this occuring? what else occurs?

A

o Some kids get kwashiorkor and ge edema of arms legs face; weak muscles; pale hair and skin
o Some w kwashiorkor may maint moderate wt and have swollen belly. Theyre not fat. Their nutrient def body is retaining fluids and abd walls are so weak that the internal organs sag out.
o Kwashiorkor often dev in kids whov been weaned early (often d/t birth of ibling) and have a diet low in protein but high in starch

43
Q

what is marasmus and whats it assoc with

A

o A kid w severe protein energy malnutrition may dev marasmus thats assoc w very low wt, weakness, eventual shutdown of body systems. Kids w marasmus look skeletal, have loose and wrinkled skin and have too little energy to move or cry

44
Q

what fraction of kids that die under 5 can be attributed to undernutrition

A

1/5

20%

45
Q

how serious is mild to moderate undernutritn

A

o Even mild and mod undernutrition can significantly inc the risk of illness and death d/t diarrhea, acute resp infect, malaria and measles

46
Q

what kind of Tx does a kid w severe acute malnutrition need

A

o To dec the risk of mortality, kids w severe acute malnutrition often need inpatient hosp care or Intensive outpt care as they receive therapeutic nutrition in the form of energy dense, nutritient renriched food (ready to use therapeutic food) and Tx for co morbid infects

47
Q

% of kids underwt in S Asia, sub saharan africa, middle east/N africa and in E asia

which is worst

how many kids under 5 is this globally thatre underwt

A

o 42% of kids in S asia, 20% in sub-Saharan Africa, 11% in middle east and N Africa and 10% in E asia and pacific are mod or severely underwt

> 100million globally thatre underwt

48
Q

what is food securty

A

o Food security exists when a household or a larger pop has acess to eough foo that its residents can eb healthy and prod at all time
o Acess to food means that indiv and households are able to prod purchase or otherwise acquire an adequate quantity, quality and variety of food during the year

49
Q

what are the consequences for adults who were undernourished as kids

A

o Adults who were undernourished as kids tend to be shorter, less educated, less economically productive, more likey to have LBW babies

50
Q

is Food security only about affordability of food

A

o Food security is about the distribution and affordability fo food as much as it is about food production

51
Q

what is the primary cause of most food insecurity

A

o Most food insecurity is d/t chronic povery but some is from natural and humanitarian

52
Q

what is a food desert

A

o Many rural and low income urban areas in US are said to be food deserts w very limited access to healthy food

53
Q

what is a famine

A

o Famine-a lg portion of a pop has very low food security for an extended period of time often leading to mass migration and death
o Famines are partially attirubtale to demographics, envt factors like drought but also d/t economic and political factors

54
Q

whats the best way to ensure that everyone is food secure

what other techniques are useful

A

o The best way to ensure everyone is food secure is to inc food production while also inc environmental protection.
o Need new techniques and also to use crop rotation
o Food distribution systems must be strengthened
o Trade policies that make it attractive for growers to pod crops for local consumption rather than export may also help alleviate hunger

55
Q

is a vitamin or mineral deficiency a form of undernutrition?

which vit or mineral deficiencies

A

o Lg proportion of the worlds pop is at risk of iodine, vit A and zinc def.

56
Q

is it ony i low income countries that people are vit deficient

do all vitamin deficices have delayed symptom onset

A

o Most w micronutrient def live in developing countries but there are also pockets of micronutrient def in some high income pops d/t dietary habits

o Some vit def have relatively immed symptoms

57
Q

who is at risk of Vit D deficiecny and how much exposure is enough in a day

A

o Vit D can eb made in the skin if its exposed to sun for 15 mins daily but def is issue where women have to cover themselves for culture, if work indoors all day and avoid sun or if live far from equator its an ssue seasonally.

58
Q

what is one of most common causes of preventable blindness in kids

A

vitamin A deficiency

59
Q

what are the vission issues assoc w Vit A def

A

r/t severe dry eye (xeropthalmia) which can progress from night blindness and
Bitot’s spots (dry patches ont he white of the eye) to ulceration and scarring of the cornea (keratomalacia) and then complete blindness

60
Q

how many people worldwide have VAD

what % of school age kids

A

o 190,000,000 under 5 kids have VAD
o 5million under 5 or almost 1% of preschool age kids in low and middle income countries and 10 million pregnant women have VAD assoc night blindness

61
Q

what other kinds of issues does vit A protect against or does def predispose to

A

o Vit A also supports the bodys immune sys in fighting infects and VAD inc the risk of dying from measles, diarrhea and other causes

62
Q

what foods do you find vitamin A in

A

o Yellow orange and ark green veg are best dietary source of vit A (also in animal prod like liver)
o Vit A is fat soluble and must be eaten w fats or oils to be absorbed
o VAD prevention requires oils and veg steadily
o Some countries have Vit A fortified milk sugar other prod

63
Q

where other than food an you get vit A

how long does it last?

A

o Oil filled vit A capsules are avail and inexpensive but distribution can be challenge. The benefits of the capsules only lasts 4-6mos

o High tech options-“golden rice” GMO alt to prod Vit A precursor beta-carotene. Not widely used yet partly bc some countries have concerns about allowing GMO products to be grown but the manufacturer grants free licenses to ow income growers and humanitarian orgs

64
Q

what dietary deficiency is one of the most common causes of cogntiive disorder. who does this manifest in

what % of the pop is deficient in this

A

o iodine deficiencies are among the most common causes of impaired cog fx

o Adults and kids who are iodine def often suffer from impaired mental fx

30%

65
Q

what gland does iodine relate to and what occurs in this regard when deficient

A

o Thyroid hormones are made from the mineral iodine.
o If def in iodine the thyroid gland cant fx and will enlarge as it tries to collect more iodine from the blood.
o Itll prod a goiter (a swollen neck resulting from an enlarged thyroid gland)
o Hypothyroidism-pt will have low metb and will feel cold, tired, apathetic.

66
Q

what condition could occur to baby born to mum with hypothyroidism

A

o Babies born to hypothyroid mom can be stillborn or be born w a type of brain dmage called cretinism

67
Q

what is an easy source of iodized food and what fraction of the world has access to it

A

o Only 2/3 of the world have access to commercial salt that is iodized

68
Q

what is the most common nutritional disorder

which pops is it affecting most…more stats sorry guys

A

o IDA is the most common nutritional disorder affecting 25% of worlds pop (1.6 billion) including 50% of U5, 40% preg women and 30% of nonpreg women

o Kids (d/t growth and inc blood vol), preg (inc blood vol) and women who menstruate are at high risk

69
Q

what are the two kinds of iron and where do you find them

A

o Heme iron is found in blood and meat from animals birds and fish (15-35% is absorbed by body)
o Nonheme iron is found in plants, eggs, milk and less than 5% is absorbed

70
Q

beyond just adjusting diet what can be done to decrease/treat iron def anemia

A

o Control of infects like hookwork schistosomiasis that cause bleeding internally or malaria that causes destr of RBCs is imp for treating IDA
o Iron can be taken as supplement or added to fortified foods like pastas and flours

71
Q

what is zinc nec for

what does zinc put you at risk of

what food sources is zinc found in mostly

A

o Imp for immune fx, growth, child dev
o Any amount of zinc def can inc susceptibility to infect and inc the risk of death from diarrhea malaria and pnuemnia
o Kills several hundred thousand U5 in asia and Africa. This is preventable
o Found primarily in animal sources.
o If plant based its good to take supplement or eat fortified foods

72
Q

WHAT DOES it mean when a food is enriched vs fortified

A

o A food is enriched when some of the vits and minerals lost during processing are added back into the food
o A fortified food has nutrient that aren’t naturally present in the ingredients added to the product

73
Q

what is bioavailability

how can you inc absorption of vitamins if taking them as supplements
iron specifically?

A

o Bioavailability is the fraction of the vit or mineral consumed that can be absorbed and used by the body

o Absorption can be inc by takin supplements w food
take iron w vit C

74
Q

how many cals does the avg adult need

A

o Avg adult needs around 1800 kilocalories ea day w additional cal nec for physical activity (or preg and lactation)

75
Q

what nutritional issue is assoc w gallstones and some CAs

A

overnutrition and obesity

76
Q

where is overnutrition a problem

rural or urban, men or women more?

A

o Overnutrition is a concern in nearly every region even where undernutrition is still a serious problem. Esp in high income urban areas and among women

77
Q

what % of adults were overwt or obese in 2005

what about kids in 2010

A

o In 2005 23% of adults worldwide were overwt or obese
o Obesity prevalence was14% of women in 2008 and 10% of men
o Kids too…7% overwt or obese in 2010

78
Q

what kind of population level policies help to prevent or limit obesity

A

o At the pop level policies that promote healthy diets and phys activity like health info campaigns, limits on the marketing of unhealthy food to kids, taxes to inc the price of unhealthy foods, subsidies to lower the cost of healthy foods, and regulations that improve the nutrition info provided on food packages, may help prevent and dec obesity

Global Health Final Cards (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions