Ch. 6 Health and Wellness Flashcards
what is healthy people?
- provides evidence-based or research-based
- provides 10 years of National Objectives for promoting health and diseases
- identifies leading health indicators
what is an example of healthy people?
to reduce the # of people with diabetes in the population
what is an example of leading health indicators?
Injury (motor vehicle accidents)
Violence prevention (domestic violence)
what is Healthy People 2030?
will promote a holistic approach to health promotion and disease prevention
what is the definition of health?
based on a person’s values, personality, and lifestyle
- by looking at social, family support, cultural, and spiritual approach
what is health beliefs?
a person’s ideas, beliefs, and attitude toward health and illness
what is health behaviors?
encourage with the patient
what are examples of positive health behaviors?
encouraging patients:
- to get immunizations
- getting enough sleep/ exercise
- stress management
- nutrition
what are example of negative health behaviors?
discourage
- smoking/ alcohol/ drugs
- poor diet
- the patient not taking their medication
what is the health belief model?
- individuals’ susceptibility to an illness
- individuals’ perception of the seriousness of the illness
- the likelihood that a person will take preventive action
what is an individuals’ susceptibility to an illness?
what is their genetic background
- ex: the dad and brother has cancer
what is an individual’s perception of the seriousness of the illness?
does this person view this seriously and will take preventable actions
what is the likelihood that a person will take preventive action?
if the person views it seriously, they will take preventable actions, but if they don’t they are less likely to take preventable actions
As part of a faith community nursing program in her church, a nurse is developing a health promotion program on breast self-examination for the women’s group. Which statement made by one of the participants is related to the individual’s accurate perception of susceptibility to an illness?
A. “I have a door hanging tag in my bathroom to remind me to do my breast self-examination monthly.”
B. “Since my mother had breast cancer, I know that I am at increased risk for developing breast cancer.”
C. “Since I am only 25 years of age, the risk of breast cancer for me is very low.”
D. “I participate every year in our local walk/run to raise money for breast cancer research.”
B. “Since my mother had breast cancer, I know that I am at increased risk for developing breast cancer.”
what is the health promotion model?
you have to look at the patient’s:
- individual characteristics and experience
- behavior- specific knowledge and affect
- behavioral outcomes
what is an example of individual characteristics and experience?
people who smoke with lung cancer
what is an example of behavior-specific knowledge and affect?
smoking sensation classes can teach them things that are bad with smoking and change behaviors
what is an example of behavioral outcomes?
changing their behavior and knowledge with smoking
- always make outcomes (goals)
what is Maslow Hierarchy of Needs?
meeting the psychological needs first (basic needs- food, water, open airway, shelter)
- then going higher to safety and security, love and belonging, self- esteem, and self0 actualization
what is the holistic health model?
need to take care of the patient holistically
- ex: when a person is in pain, we don’t want to pass out meds, we want to teach the patient imagery, prayer, music, vitamin/herbs, deep breathing
According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, which of these needs would the patient seek to meet first?
A. Self-actualization
B. Self-esteem
C. Shelter
D. Love and belonging
C. Shelter
A nurse is conducting a home visit with a new mom and her three children. While in the home the nurse weighs each family member and reviews their 3-day food diary. She checks the mom’s blood pressure and encourages the mom to take the children for a 15- to 30-minute walk every day. The nurse is addressing which level of need, according to Maslow?
A. Physiological
B. Safety and security
C. Love and belonging
D. Self-actualization
A. Physiological
When taking care of patients, a nurse routinely asks whether they take any vitamins or herbal medications, encourages family members to bring in music that the patient likes to help the patient relax, and frequently prays with her patients if that is important to them. The nurse is practicing which model?
A. Holistic
B. Health belief
C. Transtheoretical
D. Health promotion
A. Holistic
what are internal variables?
- development stage
- intellectual background
- perception of functioning
- emotional factors
- spiritual factors
what is the developmental stage?
working with children experiencing fear and anxiety in the hospitals
what is the intellectual background?
“what is the highest grade you completed”
- want to gear our teaching to that education level
what is perception of functioning?
how do you perceive your illness and functioning of everyday life
- ex: pain: always take subjective and objective data
what is emotional factors?
serious medical diagnosis
- ex: someone who just found out they have cancer are very calm, while others who have a small problem will get radical
what is spiritual factors?
how the patient’s spiritual beliefs affects their health
- ex: Jehovah witnesses don’t accept blood transfusions (can give them iron/iv fluids)
what are external variables?
outside
- family role and practices
- social determinants of health
what is an example of family role and practices?
when you were younger your family taught you about healthy habits, now that you are older you continue to practice what you learned when you were younger
what is social determinants of health?
how poverty affects health, food security, access to healthcare, culture, violence in the community, and crime rates
After evaluating a patient’s external variables, the nurse concludes that health beliefs and practices can be influenced by
A. emotional factors.
B. intellectual background.
C. developmental stage.
D. socioeconomic factors.
D. socioeconomic factors
A patient has been laid off from his construction job, has many unpaid bills, and lives in a neighborhood with high crime. He has been praying daily to help him through this difficult time. He does not have a primary healthcare provider because he has never really been sick, and his parents never took him to a physician when he was a child. Which external variables influence the patient’s health practices? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)
A. Difficulty paying his bills
B. Praying daily
C. Age of patient (46 years)
D. Lives in a neighborhood with high crime
E. Family practice of not routinely seeing a health care provider
A. Difficulty paying his bills
D. Lives in a neighborhood with high crime
E. Family practice of not routinely seeing a health care provider
what is health promotion?
actions we do to help maintain or enhance our present health to prevent diseases along the road
- ex: good exercise can prevent diabetes, cardiovascular diseases
what is health education?
teaching the patient how to understand their health and how to manage their health risk
- ex: stress management
what is illness prevention?
protecting people from actual or potential threats to their health
- ex: immunizations, blood pressure screenings (early detection –> early treatment)
what is the 3 levels of prevention?
primary, secondary and tertiary prevention
what is primary prevention?
prevention that lowers the chances that a disease will develop
- ex: using hearing protection in factories- will prevent hearing loss
what is secondary prevention?
already have a problem and trying to prevent developing or worsening conditions
- ex: a person with diabetes is at risk for hypertension, blindness, kidney failure, amputations
what is tertiary prevention?
- occurs when a disability is permanent
- want to make life better for the patient
- ex: a person with a spinal cord injury
The nurse uses the concept of primary prevention when instructing a patient to:
A. get a flu shot every year.
B. take a blood pressure reading every day.
C. explore hiring a patient with a known disability.
D. undergo physical therapy following a cerebrovascular accident.
A. get a flu shot every year
A patient discharged a week ago following a stroke is currently participating in rehabilitation sessions provided by nurses, physical therapists, and registered dietitians in an outpatient setting. In what level of prevention is the patient participating?
A. Primary prevention
B. Secondary prevention
C. Tertiary prevention
D. Transtheoretical prevention
C. tertiary prevention
what are risk factors?
identifying clients who are at risk so we can do early interventions
what do risk factors include?
nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors
what are examples of nonmodifiable risk factors?
factors that you CAN’T change
- age
- gender
- genetic and family history
what is an example of age in a nonmodifiable risk factor?
- preemie babies are at a risk for infections
- kids are at risk of drowning and choking
- as we age, we are at risk for cardiovascular disease
what is an example of gender in a nonmodifiable risk factor?
boys are at higher risk for asthma than girls, but after puberty girls are more at risk with asthma than boys
what is an example of genetic and family history in a nonmodifiable risk factor?
diabetes
cardiovascular
hypertension
what are modifiable risk factors?
things we CAN change
- sunbathing (linked to skin cancer)
environment:
- people who work in factories are more at risk for cancer because they are exposed to chemicals
The nurse assesses the risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) in a female patient. Which of these factors are classified as genetic and physiological? (Select all that apply.)
A. Sedentary lifestyle
B. Mother died from CAD at age 48
C. History of hypertension
D. Eats a diet high in sodium
E. Elevated cholesterol level
B. Mother died from CAD at age 48
C. History of hypertension
E. Elevated cholesterol level
what is the transtheoretical model of change?
we use this model to help change patients’ behavior
what are the 5 phases of the transtheoretical model of change?
- precontemplation
- contemplation
- preparation
- action
- maintenance
what is precontemplation?
the person does not have any intentions of changing their behavior in 6 months
- ex: “I don’t think I have a problem”
what is contemplation?
considering a change within the next 6 months
- ex: “I smoke, I know this is linked to lung cancer and I need to stop”
what is preparation?
start making small changes within the next month
- ex: googling the closest smoking sensation support group, finding information on the nicotine patch
what is action?
actively changing their behaviors within 6 months
- ex: the person is wearing the nicotine patch, attending their support group, decreased smoking
what is maintenance?
occurs 6 months AFTER the action has started
- ex: not wanting to be around people who smoke (can be triggered)
Sally has decided to set aside 30 minutes a day to walk after work next week. Sally is in what stage of risk factor modification?
A. Precontemplation
B. Contemplation
C. Preparation
D. Action
E. Maintenance
C. Preparation
Based on the Transtheoretical Model of Change, what is the most appropriate response to a patient who states: “Me, stop smoking? I’ve been smoking since I was 16!”
A. “That’s fine. Some people who smoke live a long life.”
B.“OK. I want you to decrease the number of cigarettes you smoke by one each day, and I’ll see you in 1 month.”
C. “What do you think is the greatest reason why stopping smoking would be challenging for you?”
D. “I’d like you to attend a smoking-cessation class this week and use nicotine replacement patches as directed.”
C. “What do you think is the greatest reason why stopping smoking would be challenging for you?”
Using the Transtheoretical Model of Change, order the steps that a patient goes through to make a lifestyle change related to physical activity.
A. The individual recognizes that he is out of shape when his daughter asks him to walk with her after school. (2) Contemplation
B. Eight months after beginning walking, the individual participates with his wife in a local 5K race. (5) maintenance
C. The individual becomes angry when the physician tells him that he needs to increase his activity to lose 30 lb. (1) Precontemplation
D. The individual walks 2 to 3 miles, 5 nights a week, with his wife. (4) Action
E. The individual visits the local running store to purchase walking shoes and obtain advice on a walking plan. (3) Preparation
1.) C. The individual becomes angry when the physician tells him that he needs to increase his activity to lose 30 lb.
2.) A. The individual recognizes that he is out of shape when his daughter asks him to walk with her after school.
3.) E. The individual visits the local running store to purchase walking shoes and obtain advice on a walking plan.
4.) D. The individual walks 2 to 3 miles, 5 nights a week, with his wife.
5.) B. Eight months after beginning walking, the individual participates with his wife in a local 5K race.
what is acute illness?
reversible and short duration
- ex: broken arm, a cold
what is a chronic illness?
longer than 6 months
- ex: diabetes, hypertension
what are internal variables?
internal locus of control: I can control my destiny and environment
- ex: during the holidays a person who is trying to lose weight will control the environment
what are examples of internal variables?
- any type of illness disrupts their activity of daily living- they are most likely to seek help
- any symptoms that are life-threatening (difficulty maintaining an open airway, chest pains)
what are external variables?
external locus of control: the environment controls me
any type of illness needs to get fixed immediately
- ex: during the holiday they can’t lose weight because of the treats
