Ch. 11, Ch.22, & Ch. 23 Flashcards
What is Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development: Level 1 Preconventional reasoning?
Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation
Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
what is stage 1: Punishment and obedience orientation?
following the rules or be punished
- ex: if a child sasses their parents they will get spanked
what is stage 2: Instrumental relativist orientation?
person avoids punishment
- ex: the parent tells the child to be home at a certain time, the child listens to their parents to avoid punishment
What is Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development: Level 2: Conventional reasoning?
- you are looking at how your relationships are affected
- nurses use this to help the patient come up with end of life decision
Stage 3: Good boy- nice girl orientation
Stage 4: Society- maintaining orientation
what is stage 3: Good Boy- Nice Girl Orientation?
wanting approval for being nice
- ex: a child will stay after school and do chores to get the approval of the teacher
what is stage 4: Society- Maintaining Orientation?
the person wants to do the right behavior because they feel like it is their duty
- ex: teenagers avoiding a party that serves alcohol because they think underage drinking is wrong
What is Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development: Level 3 Postconventional Reasoning?
Stage 5: Social contract orientation
Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation
what is stage 5: social contact orientation?
follow the law even though it is not fair
- ex: the speed limit is 25 mph; you go 25 mph to follow the law
what is stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation?
the person may not follow the law and is willing to accept the consequences
- ex: if the speed limit is 25 mph, and you go 35 mph, if you get pulled over you won’t care
what are Kohlberg’s Critics?
used all males in this study and people from the United States
- critique: if you repeat this study use women and people from different cultures
what is conventional reasoning?
focuses on relationships
Which of the following are examples of the conventional reasoning form of cognitive development? (Select all that apply.)
A. A 35-year-old woman is speaking with you about her recent diagnosis of a chronic illness. She is concerned about her treatment options in relation to her ability to continue to care for her family. As she considers the options and alternatives, she incorporates information, her values, and emotions to decide which plan will be the best fit for her.
B. A young father is considering whether or not to return to school for a graduate degree. He considers the impact the time commitment may have on the needs of his wife and infant son.
C. A teenage girl is encouraged by her peers to engage in shoplifting. She decides not to join her peers in this activity because she is afraid of getting caught in the act. (step 2)
D. A single mother of two children is unhappy with her employer. She has been unable to secure alternate employment but decides to quit her current job. (pre-conventional)
E. A young man drives over the speed limit regularly because he thinks he is an excellent driver and will not get into a car accident. (stage 6)
A. A 35-year-old woman is speaking with you about her recent diagnosis of a chronic illness. She is concerned about her treatment options in relation to her ability to continue to care for her family. As she considers the options and alternatives, she incorporates information, her values, and emotions to decide which plan will be the best fit for her.
B. A young father is considering whether or not to return to school for a graduate degree. He considers the impact the time commitment may have on the needs of his wife and infant son.
what is ethics?
what is right and wrong in our behavior
what are morals?
a judgment about behavior
- ex: honesty is the best policy
what is bioethics?
ethics within healthcare
- ex: when we use organ transplants
what is autonomy?
independence
following the patient’s decisions
what are examples of autonomy?
- if a patient is dying and does not want CPR, but the family does, we have to follow what the patient wants
- informing the patients the risk and benefits of treatment (informed consent)
- explaining procedures to the patient before going through treatment (they have the right to refuse)
what is professional autonomy?
when you need to reassign duties when conflict occurs
- ex: if a nurse is against abortion
what is beneficence?
positive actions to help others (good)
- ex: nursing
what is nonmaleficence?
to avoid harm
- ex: if a patient needs a bone marrow procedure, the bone marrow will cure the patient, but the patient will experience pain
what is justice?
fair distribution of resources
- ex: health insurance
- ex: organ transplants
what is fidelity?
being faithful to your promises
what is an example of patients?
when you go into a room and the patient needs to be medicated, you must go back in the room
what is institution?
following policies and procedures