Ch. 6 - Cancer

Question 1

What causes a tumor?

Answer 1

unregulated cell division forming a lump of cells with no function

Question 2

What is a Benign tumor?

Answer 2

doesn’t affect surrounding tissues and stays in one place; some remain harmless

Question 3

Define Malignant.

Answer 3

invasive tumors or those that infiltrate surrounding tissues; cancerous

Question 4

Define Metastasis

Answer 4

occurs when the cells of a malignant tumor break away and start new cancers at distant locations

Question 5

How do cancer cells travel throughout the body?

Answer 5

via the circulatory system and lymphatic system

Question 6

What are the names of the 4 stages of cancer?

Answer 6

1 - Early Stage
2 - Localized
3 - Regional Spread
4 - Distant Spread

Question 7

What occurs in Stage 1 of Cancer?

Answer 7

Small, invasive mass or tumor has been found, but there is no spread to lymph nodes or other tissues

Question 8

What occurs in Stage 2 of Cancer?

Answer 8

cancer has started to affect nearby tissue; mass may have grown in size; may have spread to lymph nodes near the mass

Question 9

What occurs in Stage 3 of Cancer?

Answer 9

Cancer is effecting more surrounding tissue; mass have grown in size

Question 10

What occurs in Stage 4 of Cancer?

Answer 10

Cancer has spread to other tissues or organs beyond the region where it originated; sometimes called advanced or “metastatic” cancer

Question 11

Define risk factor.

Answer 11

a condition or behavior that increases the likelihood of developing a disease

Question 12

What is an inherited cancer risk?

Answer 12

carried in damaged genes

Question 13

What is an example of an inherited cancer risk?

Answer 13

mutated BRCA1 gene (related to breast cancer)

Question 14

What is an environmental exposure risk?

Answer 14

exposed to carcinogens

Question 15

What is an example of an environmental exposures?

Answer 15

X-Rays
Toxins in Pathogens
HPV leads to cancers in male and females

Question 16

What is a synergistic risk factor?

Answer 16

Enhance the activity of other carcinogens (ex: like smoking and drinking)

Question 17

What are the 2 types of Reproduction?

Answer 17

Asexual

Sexual

Question 18

What is Asexual Reproduction?

Answer 18

offspring that are genetically identical to the original parent cell; 1 parent

Question 19

What is Sexual Reproduction?

Answer 19

combination of 2 parents; offspring are genetically different from one another and from the parents

Question 20

Define genes.

Answer 20

section of DNA with instructions for building all cell proteins

Question 21

Define Chromosomes.

Answer 21

made of DNA wrapped around proteins

Question 22

What is DNA polymerase?

Answer 22

the enzyme that replicates DNA

Question 23

What are the 3 steps of the cell cycle?

Answer 23

Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokineses

Question 24

What are 3 phases of Interphase?

Answer 24

G1, S, G2

Question 25

What happens in the G1 phase?

Answer 25

cell grows, organelles duplicate

Question 26

What happens in the S phase?

Answer 26

DNA replicates

Question 27

What happens in G2?

Answer 27

Cell makes proteins need to complete mitosis

Question 28

Define Mitosis.

Answer 28

movement of chromosomes from original eukaryotic parent cell into 2 genetically identical daughter cells

Question 29

What are the stages of Mitosis?

Answer 29

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Question 30

Define Prophase.

Answer 30

DNA condenses into chromosomes

Nuclear envelope begins to break down

Question 31

Define Metaphase.

Answer 31

when chromosomes align across the middle of the cell by microtubules

Question 32

Define Anaphase

Answer 32

where centrosomes split and sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles

Question 33

Define Telophase

Answer 33

Nuclear envelope reforms around chromosomes and revert to uncondensed form

Question 34

Define Cytokineses.

Answer 34

Division of the cytoplasm and the cell is split into 2 daughter cells

Question 35

What happens in Cytokinesis in plant cells?

Answer 35

a new cell wall is formed b/w the new daughter cells a cell plate is formed by vesicles

Question 36

What controls the cell cycle?

Answer 36

Tumor supressors

Question 37

What are tumor suppressors

Answer 37

proteins that inspect newly replicated DNA and help prevent uncontrolled cell division

Question 38

What are the 3 checkpoints that cells must pass to continue with cell division?

Answer 38

G1
G2
Metaphase

Question 39

Define Autosomes.

Answer 39

non sex chromosomes

Question 40

How many pairs of autosomes are there?

Answer 40

22

Question 41

How many pairs of sex chromosomes are there?

Answer 41

1

Question 42

How many pairs of chromosomes collectively are there?

Answer 42

23

Question 43

How many chromosomes are there in a human body?

Answer 43

46

Question 44

Define Haploid.

Answer 44

when only 1 member of each homologous pair is present in a cell

Question 45

Define diploid.

Answer 45

two sets of chromosomes

Question 46

What is the result of telophase 2 and cytokinesis?

Answer 46

4 haploid daughter cells and the nuclear envelopes reform

Question 47

When does Crossing over occur?

Answer 47

during prophase 1 of meiosis 1?

Question 48

What is crossing over?

Answer 48

the exchange of portions of chromosomes from one member of a homologous pair to the other member