ch. 6 bones and skeletal tissue Flashcards
cartilage does not contain
nerves or blood vessels
perichondrium
layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds cartilage
the three types of cartilage tissue
hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
basic components of cartilage
cells called chondrocytes, enclosed in small cavities (acunae) with an extracellular matrix containing ground substance and fibers
hyaline cartilage
provide support with flexibility and resilience; most abundant in skeletal cartilages; spherical chondrocytes; only fine college fibers in their matrix
types of skeletal hyaline cartilages
articular cartilages (cover the ends of most bones at movable joints), costal cartilages (connects ribs to sternum), respiratory cartilages (form the skeleton of the larynx and reinforce respiratory passages)
elastic cartilages
similar to hyaline but contains more stretchy elastic fibers; found in the external ear and the epiglottis (swallowing flap in larynx
fibrocartilage
consists of roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes alternating with thick collagen fibers; high compressible and great tensile strength; occur in sits subjected to pressure and stretch
types of cartilage growth
appositional growth and interstitial growth
appositional growth
cartilage forming cells in the perichondrium secrete new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage tissue
interstitial growth
lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix which expands cartilage from within.
seven functions of bones
support, protection, anchorage, mineral storage, blood cell formation, triglyceride (fat) storage, hormone production
where does hematopoiesis occur?
red marrow of certain bones
How many bones do humans have?
206
two groups of the human skeleton
axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
axial skeleton consists of
bones of the skull, veterbral column, rib cage
appendicular skeleton consists of
upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach limbs to axial skeleton
bone shape classifications
long, short, flat, irregular
What are the two main layers of bone
compact bone and spongy bone
compact bone is
external
spongy bone is
internal
What is spongy bone made up of?
small needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae.
what fills the space between trabeculae?
red and yellow bone marrow
In short, irregular, and flat bones compact bone is covered outside by…
connective tissue membranes, respectively periosteum and endosteum
What covers the surfaces of movable joints with short, irregular, and flat bones?
hyaline cartilage
Most long bones have a general structure
a shaft, bone ends, and membranes
Diaphysis
elongated shaft of a long bone
medullary cavity
central cavity of a long bone. Contains yellow or red bone marrow
Epiphyses
The end of a long bone, attached to the shaft
epiphyseal plate
plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides for growth in the length of a long bone
common name for epiphyseal plate
growth plate
periosteum
double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone
outer fibrous layer of periosteum
made of dense irregular connective tissue
inner osteogenic layer of periosteum
contains osteoprogenitor cells (primitive stem cells that give rise to most bone cells) and osteoclasts (bone creating cells) and osteoblasts (bone breaking cells)
osteoclast
bone CREATING cells
osteoblast
bone BREAKING cells
perforating fibers
bundles of collagen fibers that extend into the bone matrix that secure the periosteum to underlying bone
endosteum
connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces
Main vessels serving the diaphysis
nutrient artery and nutrient vein
foramen
hole opening in a bone or between body cavities
The nutrient artery and vein run though the…
nutrient foramen
hematopoietic tissue is also called
red marrow
Three types of bone markings
projections (that ares sites of muscle and ligament attachment), surfaces (that form joints), depressions and opening (for blood vessels and nerve)
Five major cell types that populate bone tissue
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, osteoclasts
altername name for osteoprogenitor cells
osteogenic cell
osetoprogenitor cell
stem cell
osteoblast
matrix-synthesizing cell; responsible for bone growth
osteocyte
mature bone cell; monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix
osteoclast
bone-resorbing
bone lining cells are found
on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not happening
osteon
system of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure of adult compact bone; unit of bone; also called Haversian system
lamella
a layer, such as of bone matrix in an osteon of compact bone
other name for compact bone
lamellar bone
central canal
the canal in the center of each osteon that contains minute blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the needs of osteocytes
perforating canals
canals that run at right angles to the long axis of the bone, connecting the vascular and nerve of the periosteum to those of the central canals and medullary cavity
other name for perforating canals
volkmann’s canals
what occupies the lacunae
spider-shaped osteocytes
canaliculi
hairlike canals that radiate from the lacunae, connecting them to each other
Lacunae contains
osteocytes
