Ch 6 Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Flashcards
common symptoms vs clinical depression
common for sadness but disorders have longer duration and severity
Major depressive disorder (symptoms, requirements, prevalence, gender differences)
- needs 5 symptoms for at least 2 weeks (persistent low mood/lack of enjoyment)
- weight/sleep changes
- low energy
- agitation (noticeable slower/faster movement)
- indecisiveness
- suicidal tendencies
- insomnia
- episodic (single vs recurrent)
- prevalence 5%, women
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) (symptoms and requirements)
- persistent low mood for 2 years + three more symptoms (similar to major depressive)
- hopeless but not suicidal
- insomnia
- up to 2 months symptom-free
- prevalence 3%
- less severe but less treatable
double depression
persistent depressive disorder with major depressive episodes
- normally when p.d.d. is undiagnosed until m.d. episodes start
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
- controversial, appeared in DSM5
- 6-18 intense and inconsistent temper outbursts (3+/week)
- 12(+) months
depression comorbidity
CVD (coronary heart), CNS diseases, cancer, migraines, genetic correlation MDD and anxiety 100%
bipolar disorder 1 manic episode (requirements, symptoms, prevalence)
- 1(+) episodes
- irritable/elevated mood for 1 week most of the day nearly everyday
- 3 symptoms: grandiosity, less need for sleep, talkative, goal-directed, racing thoughts, possible depressive episode, irrational gambling
- 0.8%
bipolar disorder 2 hypomania (requirements, symptoms, prevalence)
- 4 days 1(+) episodes
- less severe
- must have depressive episode
- feeling great -> depressive episodes
- 0.5%
cyclothymia (definition, duration, prevalence)
- 2 years
- hypomania subthreshold depression cycles
- 0.4% - 1%
seasonal affective disorder (prevalence, theories, treatment)
Canada: winter months
Prevalence: (general: 2-3%), (MDD: 11%)
- Theories: melatonin, circadian rhythms
- Treatment: phototherapy
psychodynamic explanations
abuse/neglect, maladaptive parenting -> vulnerable personality traits (overly dependent, self-critical)
cognitive explanations
dysfunctional thinking, negative schemas
interpersonal model explanations
- deficits in social skills (withdrawal -> forgetting)
- negative feedback seeking
- excessive reassurance seeking
- stress generation hypothesis
Life stress perspective explanation
stressful events, loss, abuse
biological explanations
adoption/twin studies
- MMD: 36%
- bipolar: 75%
- serotonin regulation: short allele increases stress responsiveness
norepinepherin (depression vs bipolar)
d: low levels in severe deprssion, certain symptoms
b: low levels, mania link
serotonin (depression vs bipolar)
d: fewer receptors, certain symptoms
b: low levels -> mania/mood swings
dopamine (depression vs bipolar)
d: low levels
b: low levels, high levels trigger mania/psychosis
3 CBT intervention techniques for depression
- active scheduling (increase fun activities)
- thought records (challenge negative thinking patterns)
- behavioural experiments (challenge negative beliefs)
CBT vs medication
CBT has effective for depression, better LT outcomes
behavioural components of CBT
- as effective as full CBT and ST medication
- more effective than LT medication
mindfulness cognitive therapy
- more effective vs family doctor and meds
interpersonal therapy 4 targets
(12-16 sessions focus on one)
- role transitions (old and new roles)
- communication/problem solving
- new relationships, mourning
- personality issues that interfere with relationships
IPT medication and relapse
monthly booster sessions help prevent
