Ch 1-3 (History, Diagnoses, Methods)

Question 1

defining abnormality

Answer 1

varies across time and culture

Question 2

goodness of fit

Answer 2

behaviour can be problematic or not depending on environment

Question 3

statistical concept (def and cons)

Answer 3

def: infrequent -> abnormal
cons: define “rare”

Question 4

personal distress (def and cons)

Answer 4

def: causes distress

cons:

1. not all cause distress
2. universal distress but not everyone has mental illness

Question 5

personal dysfunction (def and cons)

Answer 5

harmful: interferes and harms
evolution: interferes ability to reproduce

cons: “appropriate”, patients themselves do not find it harmful

Question 6

violation of norms (cons)

Answer 6

eg. only 50% of mass murderers/terrorists

- cultural context

Question 7

expert says so

Answer 7

cons:
1. not all pros are trained for diagnosis
2. arguments about social construct DSM

Question 8

culture-bound syndrome

Answer 8

abnormal behaviours specific to particular location/group

Question 9

changing perceptions

Answer 9

influenced by societal trends (eg internet addiction), diagnoses revised every 5 years

Question 10

stone age (cause and treatments)

Answer 10

cause: supernatural
treatments: exorcism/magic

Question 11

Hippocrates

Answer 11

1st man to reject supernatural causes

1. 4 humours: excess blood/bile/phlegm
2. treatment: healthy lifestyle, bleeding/vomiting

Question 12

Galen

Answer 12

(Hippocrates cont.)
2 sources: physical/psychological
- compassionate care for mentally ill (warm baths, sympathy)

Question 13

Arab World (500BC
\+)

Answer 13

• mentally ill units 800 AD

Question 14

Avicenna

Answer 14

• natural causes (environmental, psychological)

- early behaviourism principles

Question 15

Middle Ages Europe (500-1500 AD)

Answer 15

• clergy took care

- return of supernatural beliefs

Question 16

Teresa Avila/St Paul

Answer 16

• protection of mentally ill

- asylums (good intentions, bad execution) -> workhouses

Question 17

Phillipe Pinel

Answer 17

huge changes to perceptions of mental health illnesses/asylums

• compassion
• good conditions
• but overcrowded

Question 18

Dorothea Dix

Answer 18

• better conditions for prison/mentally ill

- campaign -> 32 new hospitals

Question 19

single factor vs interactionist theory

Answer 19

one cause vs many causes

Question 20

4 main goals of theories

Answer 20

1. etiology
2. how disorder maintained over time
3. prediction
4. treatment design

Question 21

CNS functioning theories (2 kinds)

Answer 21

brain damage (Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s) vs neurotransmitter (dopamine)

Question 22

PNS 3 theories

Answer 22

overactive, underactive, inflexible (constant somatic, underactive parasymp.)

Question 23

endocrine 3 theories

Answer 23

1. thyroid disregulation (cretenism, depression)
2. hypoglycemia -> pancreas dysfunction
3. HPA axis (stress -> cortisol, anxiety)

Question 24

Carl Rogers

Answer 24

person-centered theory

- abnormal behaviour -> distorted perceptions of self, no trust

Question 25

Maslow

Answer 25

self-actualization/hierarchy of needs | - abnormal behaviour -> lack of esteem

Question 26

diathesis-stress perspective

Answer 26

predisposition + environmental stressors = mental illness

Question 27

DSM1 1952

Answer 27

- short - severe disorders seen in inpatient settings - vague descriptions - unreliable - psychoanalytic theory influence

Question 28

DSM2 1968

Answer 28

- more diagnoses - broadened outpatient settings - psychoanalytic theory influence

Question 29

DSM3 1980

Answer 29

- paradigm shift -> atheoretical - more diagnoses/supplementary material - improved descriptions - multiaxial

Question 30

DSM3R 1987

Answer 30

- same structure - diagnostic criteria changes - new disorders

Question 31

DSM4 1994 (DSM4TR 2000)

Answer 31

- more diagnoses | - too quickly revised

Question 32

DSM5 2013

Answer 32

- more diagnoses - not multiaxial - after extensive research - most used - dimensional approach to personality dis. - cultural measures - severity scale

Question 33

5 arguments against classification

Answer 33

1. socially constructed 2. stigma 3. loss of "identity" as a human being 4. excuses 5. stuck with diagnosis

Question 34

assessment (def, 4 components)

Answer 34

- determines diagnosis 1. patient/family interview 2. medical testing 3. psychological testing 4. records review

Question 35

assessment 1. reliability

Answer 35

test-retest, alternative form, split half reliability

Question 36

assessment 2. validity

Answer 36

face, content, criterion

Question 37

assessment 3. normative

Answer 37

comparing to average general population, clinical population, representative samples

Question 38

clinical judgment vs actuarial measures

Answer 38

c: uses training/expertise a: standardized measures and techniques - > structured professional (combined)

Question 39

neuropsychological testing

Answer 39

- relationship between behaviour and brain functioning - battery of tests (time-consuming) - certain errors (eg drawing clock)

Question 40

interviews: (semi/un)structured (pros/cons)

Answer 40

u: rapport, poor reliability/validity, bias s: less training, more reliability, interferes w rapport semi: guideline w no set format, best of both

Question 41

ABC

Answer 41

antecedent -> behaviour of concern -> consequence

Question 42

treatment efficacy vs effectiveness

Answer 42

- efficacy: evidence of treatment in controlled study | - effectiveness: real world applications

Question 43

CBT emphasis and focus

Answer 43

- thoughts/feelings/behaviour | - changing the negative to improve functioning

Question 44

CBT techniques

Answer 44

- core belief identification - evidence for/against thoughts - cost-benefit - third POV - behavioural experiments - relaxation and assertiveness - problem-solving

Question 45

strong support for CBT on disorders

Answer 45

- anxiety - mood - schizophrenia - stress - eating disorders

Question 46

comorbidity

Answer 46

presence of 1+ disorders

Question 47

dimensional system approach as DSM alternative

Answer 47

- people w disorders are not qualitatively distinct - extreme variations of normal experiences - dimensions of functioning rather than discrete clinical conditions - bc high comorbidity and within-category variability - range of traits rather than absence/presence of symptoms

Question 48

arguments against dimensional system

Answer 48

- categorical: more efficient and simple -> clinical decision making - no accepted dimensional theory exists (too difficult)

Question 49

criterion validity

Answer 49

how well measure correlates with other similar measures

Question 50

concurrent validity

Answer 50

relationship between two measures given at the same time (eg interview measure and questionnaire)