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PSYC241 > Ch 1-3 (History, Diagnoses, Methods) > Flashcards

Ch 1-3 (History, Diagnoses, Methods) Flashcards

1
Q

defining abnormality

A

varies across time and culture

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2
Q

goodness of fit

A

behaviour can be problematic or not depending on environment

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3
Q

statistical concept (def and cons)

A

def: infrequent -> abnormal
cons: define “rare”

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4
Q

personal distress (def and cons)

A

def: causes distress

cons:

  1. not all cause distress
  2. universal distress but not everyone has mental illness
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5
Q

personal dysfunction (def and cons)

A

harmful: interferes and harms
evolution: interferes ability to reproduce

cons: “appropriate”, patients themselves do not find it harmful

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6
Q

violation of norms (cons)

A

eg. only 50% of mass murderers/terrorists

- cultural context

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7
Q

expert says so

A

cons:
1. not all pros are trained for diagnosis
2. arguments about social construct DSM

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8
Q

culture-bound syndrome

A

abnormal behaviours specific to particular location/group

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9
Q

changing perceptions

A

influenced by societal trends (eg internet addiction), diagnoses revised every 5 years

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10
Q

stone age (cause and treatments)

A

cause: supernatural
treatments: exorcism/magic

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11
Q

Hippocrates

A

1st man to reject supernatural causes

  1. 4 humours: excess blood/bile/phlegm
  2. treatment: healthy lifestyle, bleeding/vomiting
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12
Q

Galen

A

(Hippocrates cont.)
2 sources: physical/psychological
- compassionate care for mentally ill (warm baths, sympathy)

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13
Q 
Arab World (500BC
\+)
A
  • mentally ill units 800 AD
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14
Q

Avicenna

A
  • natural causes (environmental, psychological)

- early behaviourism principles

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15
Q

Middle Ages Europe (500-1500 AD)

A
  • clergy took care

- return of supernatural beliefs

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16
Q

Teresa Avila/St Paul

A
  • protection of mentally ill

- asylums (good intentions, bad execution) -> workhouses

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17
Q

Phillipe Pinel

A

huge changes to perceptions of mental health illnesses/asylums

  • compassion
  • good conditions
  • but overcrowded
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18
Q

Dorothea Dix

A
  • better conditions for prison/mentally ill

- campaign -> 32 new hospitals

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19
Q

single factor vs interactionist theory

A

one cause vs many causes

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20
Q

4 main goals of theories

A
  1. etiology
  2. how disorder maintained over time
  3. prediction
  4. treatment design
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21
Q

CNS functioning theories (2 kinds)

A

brain damage (Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s) vs neurotransmitter (dopamine)

22
Q

PNS 3 theories

A

overactive, underactive, inflexible (constant somatic, underactive parasymp.)

23
Q

endocrine 3 theories

A
  1. thyroid disregulation (cretenism, depression)
  2. hypoglycemia -> pancreas dysfunction
  3. HPA axis (stress -> cortisol, anxiety)
24
Q

Carl Rogers

A

person-centered theory

- abnormal behaviour -> distorted perceptions of self, no trust

25
Q

Maslow

A

self-actualization/hierarchy of needs

- abnormal behaviour -> lack of esteem

26
Q

diathesis-stress perspective

A

predisposition + environmental stressors = mental illness

27
Q

DSM1 1952

A
  • short
  • severe disorders seen in inpatient settings
  • vague descriptions
  • unreliable
  • psychoanalytic theory influence
28
Q

DSM2 1968

A
  • more diagnoses
  • broadened outpatient settings
  • psychoanalytic theory influence
29
Q

DSM3 1980

A
  • paradigm shift -> atheoretical
  • more diagnoses/supplementary material
  • improved descriptions
  • multiaxial
30
Q

DSM3R 1987

A
  • same structure
  • diagnostic criteria changes
  • new disorders
31
Q

DSM4 1994 (DSM4TR 2000)

A
  • more diagnoses

- too quickly revised

32
Q

DSM5 2013

A
  • more diagnoses
  • not multiaxial
  • after extensive research
  • most used
  • dimensional approach to personality dis.
  • cultural measures
  • severity scale
33
Q

5 arguments against classification

A
  1. socially constructed
  2. stigma
  3. loss of “identity” as a human being
  4. excuses
  5. stuck with diagnosis
34
Q

assessment (def, 4 components)

A
  • determines diagnosis
    1. patient/family interview
    2. medical testing
    3. psychological testing
    4. records review
35
Q

assessment 1. reliability

A

test-retest, alternative form, split half reliability

36
Q

assessment 2. validity

A

face, content, criterion

37
Q

assessment 3. normative

A

comparing to average general population, clinical population, representative samples

38
Q

clinical judgment vs actuarial measures

A

c: uses training/expertise
a: standardized measures and techniques
- > structured professional (combined)

39
Q

neuropsychological testing

A
  • relationship between behaviour and brain functioning
  • battery of tests (time-consuming)
  • certain errors (eg drawing clock)
40
Q

interviews: (semi/un)structured (pros/cons)

A

u: rapport, poor reliability/validity, bias
s: less training, more reliability, interferes w rapport
semi: guideline w no set format, best of both

41
Q

ABC

A

antecedent -> behaviour of concern -> consequence

42
Q

treatment efficacy vs effectiveness

A
  • efficacy: evidence of treatment in controlled study

- effectiveness: real world applications

43
Q

CBT emphasis and focus

A
  • thoughts/feelings/behaviour

- changing the negative to improve functioning

44
Q

CBT techniques

A
  • core belief identification
  • evidence for/against thoughts
  • cost-benefit
  • third POV
  • behavioural experiments
  • relaxation and assertiveness
  • problem-solving
45
Q

strong support for CBT on disorders

A
  • anxiety
  • mood
  • schizophrenia
  • stress
  • eating disorders
46
Q

comorbidity

A

presence of 1+ disorders

47
Q

dimensional system approach as DSM alternative

A
  • people w disorders are not qualitatively distinct
  • extreme variations of normal experiences
  • dimensions of functioning rather than discrete clinical conditions
  • bc high comorbidity and within-category variability
  • range of traits rather than absence/presence of symptoms
48
Q

arguments against dimensional system

A
  • categorical: more efficient and simple -> clinical decision making
  • no accepted dimensional theory exists (too difficult)
49
Q

criterion validity

A

how well measure correlates with other similar measures

50
Q

concurrent validity

A

relationship between two measures given at the same time (eg interview measure and questionnaire)

PSYC241 (3 decks)

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