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PSYC241 > Ch 10 (Psychosis and Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Ch 10 (Psychosis and Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

psychotic disorders

A

unusual thinking, distorted perceptions

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2
Q

psychosis

A

loss of contact with reality

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3
Q

delusions vs hallucinations

A

FALSE belief vs perceptions

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4
Q

schizophrenia (def., severity, requirements)

A

disorganization/thought/perception/behaviour

  • sever impairment, chronic
  • 2(+) symptoms present for 1 month
  • symptoms from each 3 categories
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5
Q

misconceptions

A
  • 2 contradictory personalities and multiple personalities
  • violence association (lower rates than depression/bipolar)
  • caused by bad parenting
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6
Q

positive symptoms

A

unusual thoughts/feelings/behaviours, varying intensity, treatment responsive

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking

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7
Q

persecutory delusions vs delusions of influence

A

p: someone who wants to harm them (can lead to violence)
d: someone manipulates their thoughts/behaviours

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8
Q

hallucinations (most and least common)

A

most: auditory (noises, voices)
- command hallucinations: telling them what to do
least: taste

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9
Q

loose associations

A

cognitive derailment/deterioration

  • little/no logical connection between thoughts
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10
Q

thought blocking

A

long pauses in patient’s speech during conversation

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11
Q

clang associations

A

speech: governed by words that sound alike rather than meaning

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12
Q

disorganized thinking

A

characterized by abnormal speech patterns

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13
Q

catatonia and wavy flexibility

A

abnormal motor behaviour; awake but unresponsive to environment

wf: parts of body (arms) remain frozen in posture when positioned that way by someone else

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14
Q

negative symptoms (def., treatment?)

A

normally present behaviours/emotions/cognitions but absent in schizophrenia, treatment resistant, persists

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15
Q

diminished emotional expression

A

reduced/immobile facial expressions, monotonic speech

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16
Q

anhedonia

A

lack of joy/happiness/capacity for pressure

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17
Q

avolition

A

apathy, inability to initate/follow through with plans

  • misunderstood as laziness and can be troublesome
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18
Q

alogia

A

decreased quality/quantity of speech

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19
Q

psychomotor retardation

A

slowed mental/physical activities

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20
Q

cognitive impairments (eg., sign in schiz.)

A

eg visual/verbal learning, memory, attention deficits, decreased info processing speed, impaired abstract reasoning/exec. functioning

  • one of the earliest signs of schizophrenia
  • long-lasting, functional impairment
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21
Q

social cognition deficits

A

impaired ability to perceive/interpret/understand social info and others

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22
Q

echolalia

A

mimicking speeches

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23
Q

schizophrenia x other disorders

A

depression: 45%
suicide: 40-60%
self harm
anxiety: 47%

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24
Q

self-medication hypothesis

A

substance abuse to cope with/escape from negative symptoms

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25
Q

social and economic burden

A

1/10 most debilitating (medical/psycholgical) conditions

26
Q

recovery from vs in recovery

A

from: one year: no psychotic/negative symptoms and adequate psychosocial functioning

27
Q

in recovery

A

stilll may have symptoms but can manage some aspects of their life (50% of patients)

28
Q

schizophrenia x depression

A

more frequent hospitalizatoin, poor overall outcome, unemployment

29
Q

cultural factors

A

+: more in developing countries than developed nations

30
Q

schizophrenics as victims

A

impaired cognitive/emotional status, limited occupational choices and income, lower SES -> easier targets

31
Q

prodromal phase (1/3)

A

social withdrawal, hygiene deterioration, difficulty in proper function

32
Q

acute phase (2/3)

A

positive symptoms, negative symptoms are present but overshadowed

33
Q

residual phase (3/3)

A

remaining negative symptoms (preventing employment/social relationships)

34
Q

sex differences

A

women: later onset, less severe, fewer hospital admissions, more extensive social networks
- estrogen: protective influence on brain development

35
Q

EOS (early onset schizophrenia)

A

cut-off: 19 y/o

  • more likely to be male, single, birth complications, lower academic achievement
  • lose more cortical grey matter over 5 yrs
36
Q

brief psychotic disorder

A

sudden onset of any psychotic symptom

  • may resolve after one day, no longer than a month
  • sever prenatal stressor
  • extreme impairment
  • increased suicidal risk
37
Q

schizophreniform disorder

A

schizophrenia with 2 exceptions

  1. shorter duration (1-6 months)
  2. impaired social/occupational functioning is a possibility but daily functioning is ok
38
Q

schizoaffective disorder

A

shizophrenia + affective disorder
- psychotic illness + major depressive/manic/mixed episode disorder

  • less severe positive symptoms but equally severe cognitive impairments
39
Q

delusional disorder

A

presence of nonbizarre (realistic/possible) delusion

1 month; no other psychotic symptoms except related hallucinations, never had schizophrenia

40
Q

shared psychotic disorder

A

2(+) people in close relationship(s) who share the same delusional beliefs

  • starts with 1 dominant person (inducer/primary case) who imposes system on second person who adopts it
  • interrupted relationship -> second person quickly loses belief
41
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

ampheamines/levadopa (L-dopa drug for Parkinson’s) increase dopamine availability -> development/worsening of psychotic symptoms

  • substances decreasing dopamine -> less symptoms
42
Q

abnormal levels of dopamine in brain?

A

too much in limbic system -> positive symptoms

too little in cortical areas -> negative symptoms

43
Q

serotonin and schizophrenia

A

possible deficits in schizophrenics

44
Q

GABA and schizophrenia

A

deficits -> cognitive impairments

45
Q

heredity

A

one parent: 15%; both: 50%

concordance rates higher in monozygotic twins

46
Q

neuroanatomical abnormality

A

enlargement of brain ventricles (cavities w cerebrspinal fluid) -> reduced cortical grey matter)

47
Q

neurodevelopmental model

A

etiological factors (DNA, prenatal factors) -> affect brain pathophysiology -> negatively affect brain anatomy/function -> (neg. af.) cognitive functioning/processing -> symptoms

48
Q

expressed emotion (EE)

A

family’s emotional involvement/critical attitudes

high EE variables -> higher hospitalization rates

49
Q

old treatments

A

lobotomies
hydrotherapy (baths)
50’s chloropromazine: treated specific symptoms which allowed discharge

50
Q

community mental health movement

A

treatment, recovery, reintegration into community

51
Q

antipsychotics

A

blocks dopamine receptors (D1-D4)

  • may be temporary/permanent/partial/complete, blocking type affects how well drug works
  • limited effects (does not improve negative symptoms/cognitive deficits)
52
Q

conventional/typical antipsychotics, tardive dyskinesia

A

before 90’s: reduced positive symptoms but produced side effects (tremors)

t. d.: abnormal/involuntary facial/limb movement (lip licking. sucking, grimacing, blinking)
- supersensitivity of dopamine receptors

53
Q

atypical antipsychotics and side effects

A

preferred treatment

  • less likely for tardive dyskinesia
  • some effects on negative symptoms and cognitive deficits

side effects: diabetes and high triglycerides, agranulocytosis* (lowering of WBC)

54
Q

psychoeducation

A

educating patients and family members on disorder

- reducing relapse rates and shortens hospitalization

55
Q

cbt

A

psychoeducation, exploring individuals’ beliefs about hallucinations/delusions, coping strategies, self-esteem

56
Q

bizarre delusions (def., 3 kinds)

A

implausible, not understandable

thought insertion, thought withdrawal, delusions of control

57
Q

erotomanic delusions

A

often someone of higher status (eg celebrity)

  • thinks they’re in a romantic relationship or someone is in love with them
  • can lead to violence
58
Q

jealous delusions

A
  • thinks that their partner is unfaithful, could lead to violence
59
Q

somatic delusions

A

fixed beliefs about their body (eg thinking they have an illness), can vary, can lead to violence

60
Q

hypnagogic/hypnopomic hallucinations

A

don’t count as schizophrenic hallucinations

- coming in and out of sleep

61
Q

asociality

A

lack of interest in social interaction

62
Q

high risks of aggression (in all people)

A
  • young male
  • previous violent history
  • substance abuse
  • impulsivity
  • not taking meds/treatment

PSYC241 (3 decks)

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