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PSYC241 > Ch 10 (Psychosis and Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Ch 10 (Psychosis and Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

psychotic disorders

A

unusual thinking, distorted perceptions

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2
Q

psychosis

A

loss of contact with reality

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3
Q

delusions vs hallucinations

A

FALSE belief vs perceptions

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4
Q

schizophrenia (def., severity, requirements)

A

disorganization/thought/perception/behaviour

  • sever impairment, chronic
  • 2(+) symptoms present for 1 month
  • symptoms from each 3 categories
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5
Q

misconceptions

A
  • 2 contradictory personalities and multiple personalities
  • violence association (lower rates than depression/bipolar)
  • caused by bad parenting
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6
Q

positive symptoms

A

unusual thoughts/feelings/behaviours, varying intensity, treatment responsive

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking

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7
Q

persecutory delusions vs delusions of influence

A

p: someone who wants to harm them (can lead to violence)
d: someone manipulates their thoughts/behaviours

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8
Q

hallucinations (most and least common)

A

most: auditory (noises, voices)
- command hallucinations: telling them what to do
least: taste

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9
Q

loose associations

A

cognitive derailment/deterioration

  • little/no logical connection between thoughts
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10
Q

thought blocking

A

long pauses in patient’s speech during conversation

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11
Q

clang associations

A

speech: governed by words that sound alike rather than meaning

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12
Q

disorganized thinking

A

characterized by abnormal speech patterns

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13
Q

catatonia and wavy flexibility

A

abnormal motor behaviour; awake but unresponsive to environment

wf: parts of body (arms) remain frozen in posture when positioned that way by someone else

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14
Q

negative symptoms (def., treatment?)

A

normally present behaviours/emotions/cognitions but absent in schizophrenia, treatment resistant, persists

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15
Q

diminished emotional expression

A

reduced/immobile facial expressions, monotonic speech

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16
Q

anhedonia

A

lack of joy/happiness/capacity for pressure

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17
Q

avolition

A

apathy, inability to initate/follow through with plans

  • misunderstood as laziness and can be troublesome
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18
Q

alogia

A

decreased quality/quantity of speech

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19
Q

psychomotor retardation

A

slowed mental/physical activities

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20
Q

cognitive impairments (eg., sign in schiz.)

A

eg visual/verbal learning, memory, attention deficits, decreased info processing speed, impaired abstract reasoning/exec. functioning

  • one of the earliest signs of schizophrenia
  • long-lasting, functional impairment
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21
Q

social cognition deficits

A

impaired ability to perceive/interpret/understand social info and others

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22
Q

echolalia

A

mimicking speeches

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23
Q

schizophrenia x other disorders

A

depression: 45%
suicide: 40-60%
self harm
anxiety: 47%

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24
Q

self-medication hypothesis

A

substance abuse to cope with/escape from negative symptoms

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25
social and economic burden
1/10 most debilitating (medical/psycholgical) conditions
26
recovery from vs in recovery
from: one year: no psychotic/negative symptoms and adequate psychosocial functioning
27
in recovery
stilll may have symptoms but can manage some aspects of their life (50% of patients)
28
schizophrenia x depression
more frequent hospitalizatoin, poor overall outcome, unemployment
29
cultural factors
+: more in developing countries than developed nations
30
schizophrenics as victims
impaired cognitive/emotional status, limited occupational choices and income, lower SES -> easier targets
31
prodromal phase (1/3)
social withdrawal, hygiene deterioration, difficulty in proper function
32
acute phase (2/3)
positive symptoms, negative symptoms are present but overshadowed
33
residual phase (3/3)
remaining negative symptoms (preventing employment/social relationships)
34
sex differences
women: later onset, less severe, fewer hospital admissions, more extensive social networks - estrogen: protective influence on brain development
35
EOS (early onset schizophrenia)
cut-off: 19 y/o - more likely to be male, single, birth complications, lower academic achievement - lose more cortical grey matter over 5 yrs
36
brief psychotic disorder
sudden onset of any psychotic symptom - may resolve after one day, no longer than a month - sever prenatal stressor - extreme impairment - increased suicidal risk
37
schizophreniform disorder
schizophrenia with 2 exceptions 1. shorter duration (1-6 months) 2. impaired social/occupational functioning is a possibility but daily functioning is ok
38
schizoaffective disorder
shizophrenia + affective disorder - psychotic illness + major depressive/manic/mixed episode disorder - less severe positive symptoms but equally severe cognitive impairments
39
delusional disorder
presence of nonbizarre (realistic/possible) delusion 1 month; no other psychotic symptoms except related hallucinations, never had schizophrenia
40
shared psychotic disorder
2(+) people in close relationship(s) who share the same delusional beliefs - starts with 1 dominant person (inducer/primary case) who imposes system on second person who adopts it - interrupted relationship -> second person quickly loses belief
41
dopamine hypothesis
ampheamines/levadopa (L-dopa drug for Parkinson's) increase dopamine availability -> development/worsening of psychotic symptoms - substances decreasing dopamine -> less symptoms
42
abnormal levels of dopamine in brain?
too much in limbic system -> positive symptoms | too little in cortical areas -> negative symptoms
43
serotonin and schizophrenia
possible deficits in schizophrenics
44
GABA and schizophrenia
deficits -> cognitive impairments
45
heredity
one parent: 15%; both: 50% concordance rates higher in monozygotic twins
46
neuroanatomical abnormality
enlargement of brain ventricles (cavities w cerebrspinal fluid) -> reduced cortical grey matter)
47
neurodevelopmental model
etiological factors (DNA, prenatal factors) -> affect brain pathophysiology -> negatively affect brain anatomy/function -> (neg. af.) cognitive functioning/processing -> symptoms
48
expressed emotion (EE)
family's emotional involvement/critical attitudes high EE variables -> higher hospitalization rates
49
old treatments
lobotomies hydrotherapy (baths) 50's chloropromazine: treated specific symptoms which allowed discharge
50
community mental health movement
treatment, recovery, reintegration into community
51
antipsychotics
blocks dopamine receptors (D1-D4) - may be temporary/permanent/partial/complete, blocking type affects how well drug works - limited effects (does not improve negative symptoms/cognitive deficits)
52
conventional/typical antipsychotics, tardive dyskinesia
before 90's: reduced positive symptoms but produced side effects (tremors) t. d.: abnormal/involuntary facial/limb movement (lip licking. sucking, grimacing, blinking) - supersensitivity of dopamine receptors
53
atypical antipsychotics and side effects
preferred treatment - less likely for tardive dyskinesia - some effects on negative symptoms and cognitive deficits side effects: diabetes and high triglycerides, agranulocytosis* (lowering of WBC)
54
psychoeducation
educating patients and family members on disorder | - reducing relapse rates and shortens hospitalization
55
cbt
psychoeducation, exploring individuals' beliefs about hallucinations/delusions, coping strategies, self-esteem
56
bizarre delusions (def., 3 kinds)
implausible, not understandable thought insertion, thought withdrawal, delusions of control
57
erotomanic delusions
often someone of higher status (eg celebrity) - thinks they're in a romantic relationship or someone is in love with them - can lead to violence
58
jealous delusions
- thinks that their partner is unfaithful, could lead to violence
59
somatic delusions
fixed beliefs about their body (eg thinking they have an illness), can vary, can lead to violence
60
hypnagogic/hypnopomic hallucinations
don't count as schizophrenic hallucinations | - coming in and out of sleep
61
asociality
lack of interest in social interaction
62
high risks of aggression (in all people)
- young male - previous violent history - substance abuse - impulsivity - not taking meds/treatment

PSYC241 (3 decks)

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