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Bio Exam 2 > Ch 6: A Tour of the Cell > Flashcards

Ch 6: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cell?

A

basic structural and functional units of every organism

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2
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

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3
Q

What is the domain of prokaryotic cells?

A

bacteria and archaea

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4
Q

What is the domain of eukaryotic cells?

A

domain eukarya–protists, fungi, animals, and plants

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5
Q

How do light microscopes work?

A

visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses and the lenses refract light in such a way that the image of the specimen is magnified

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6
Q

What are three important parameters in microscopy?

A

magnification, resolution, and contrast

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7
Q

What can you see with a light microscope?

A

frog eggs, human egg, most plant and animal cells, nucleus, most bacteria, mitochondria, smallest bacteria, viruses, and ribosomes

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8
Q

What can you see with a electron microscope?

A

most plant and animal cells, nucleus, most bacteria, mitochondria, smallest bacteria, viruses, ribosomes, proteins and lipids

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9
Q

True or false: the resolution of standard light microscopy is too low to study organelles

A

true

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10
Q

What is a organelle?

A

the membrane-enclosed structures in eukaryotic cells

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11
Q

What is the average length of a cell?

A

most cells are between 1 and 100 μm in diameter

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12
Q

What are electron microscopes (EMs) used for?

A

they are used to study subcellular structures

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13
Q

How do scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) work?

A

they focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D

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14
Q

How do transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) work?

A

they focus a beam of electrons through a specimen

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15
Q

Transmission electron microscopes are used to mainly study:

A

the internal structure of cells

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16
Q

What is the disadvantage of EMs?

A

it kills cells

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17
Q

What is cytology?

A

the study of cell structure

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18
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

the study of the chemical processes (metabolism) of cells

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19
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

a technique for studying cell structure and function, takes cells apart and separates major organelles and other subcellular structures

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20
Q

What basic features are shared between cells?

A

bounded by a plasma membrane/cell membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes

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21
Q

Where is DNA in Eukaryotic cells?

A

most of the DNA is in the nucleus, (bounded by a double membrane)

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22
Q

Where is DNA in prokaryotic cells?

A

the DNA is in a region that is not membrane-enclosed, called the nucleoid

23
Q

What does eukaryotic mean?

A

“true nucleus”

24
Q

What does prokaryotic mean?

A

“before nucleus”

25
Q

What is a cytoplasm?

A

in eukaryotic cells, this term refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

26
Q

What is an organelle?

A

structures with special form and function and are membrane-bound

27
Q

Where are organelles in eukaryotic cells?

A

suspended in cytoplasm

28
Q

Where are organelles in prokaryotic cells?

A

absent in almost all prokaryotic cells

29
Q

Which cells are generally bigger? Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic?

A

eukaryotic cells

30
Q

What is a plasma membrane?

A

a selective barrier, allows passage of certain molecules

31
Q

Cellulare size:

A

smaller cell has a greater ratio of surface area to volume, larger organisms do not have larger cells they have more cells

32
Q

Where is the nuclear envelope?

A

it encloses the nucleus and has a double membrane (lipid bilayer)

33
Q

What is the nuclear envelope perforated by?

A

pore structures

34
Q

The pore complex regultes:

A

the movement of proteins, RNAs, and macromolecules

35
Q

Where is the nuclear lamina?

A

the netlike lamina lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope

36
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

structures that carry genetic information

37
Q

What are histones?

A

small proteins associated with one long DNA molecule

38
Q

What are chromatins?

A

the complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

39
Q

What is the role of nucleolus?

A

they play a role in controlling cell division and synthesizing rRNA and ribosome subunits

40
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

complexes made of ribosomal RNAs and proteins, are the cellular components that carry out protein synthesis, and they are not membrane-bounded and thus are not considered organ

41
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

synthesis/transport of proteins, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons

42
Q

Membrane-bound organelles in the endomembrane system:

A

nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane

43
Q

How are the membranes of the endomembrane system related?

A

either through direct physical continuity or by the transfer of membrane segments as tiny vesicles

44
Q

What are vesicles?

A

sacs made of membrane

45
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae that accounts for more than half of the total membrane

46
Q

Whate are the two types of ER?

A

smooth ER and rough ER

47
Q

What is smooth ER?

A

the outer surface lacks ribosomes

48
Q

What is rough ER?

A

studded with ribosomes on the outer surface and appears rough

49
Q

What is the function of smooth ER?

A

synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions

50
Q

What is the function of rough ER?

A

rough ER us a membrane factory for the cell; the ribosomes attached to rough ER secrete proteins used by the cell

51
Q

What is the most common secretory protein for rough ER?

A

glycoproteins

52
Q

What is the structure of a glycoprotein?

A

proteins with carbohydrates covalently bonded to them

53
Q

What are transport vesicles?

A

vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another

Bio Exam 2 (11 decks)

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