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PSYC 111 > CH 6 > Flashcards

CH 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Memory?

A

Is the ability to store and retrieve information over time.

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2
Q

What are the 3 key functions of memory?

A

Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

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3
Q

What’s Encoding?

A

The process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

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4
Q

What’s Storage?

A

The process of maintaining information in memory over time.

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5
Q

What’s Retrieval?

A

The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored.

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6
Q

What’s Semantic Encoding?

A

Is the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory.

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7
Q

What’s Semantic Judgement?

A

Think about the meaning of the words (Is hat a type of clothing?).

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8
Q

What’s Rhyme Judgements?

A

Think about the sound of the words (Does hat rhyme with cat?).

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9
Q

What’s Case Judgements?

A

Think about the appearance of the words (Is HAT written in uppercase or lowercase?).

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10
Q

What’s Visual Imagery Encoding?

A

The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures.

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11
Q

What does Semantic Judgements activate in the brain?

A

The lower left prefrontal lobe and in inner part of the left temporal lobe.

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12
Q

What does Visual Judgements activate in the brain?

A

The occipital lobe.

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13
Q

What’s Organizational Encoding?

A

The process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items.

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14
Q

What does Organizational Encoding activate in the brain?

A

Upper surface of the left frontal lobe.

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15
Q

What’s Encoding?

A

Registering information in memory.

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16
Q

What’s Retrieval?

A

Getting memory out of memory storage.

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17
Q

What’s the order of memorizing new information?

A

Encode, storage, retrieve.

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18
Q

What are the 3 major kinds of memory storage?

A

Sensory, short-term, and long-term.

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19
Q

What’s Sensory Memory?

A

A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.

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20
Q

What’s Iconic Memory?

A

A fast-decaying store of visual information.

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21
Q

What’s Echoic Memory?

A

A fast-decaying store of auditory information.

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22
Q

What’s Short-Term Memory?

A

Holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute.

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23
Q

What’s Rehearsal?

A

The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it.

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24
Q

What’s Serial Position Effect?

A

The first few and last few items in a series are more likely to be recalled than the items in the middle.

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25
What's Primacy Effect?
Enhanced recall of the first few items in, say, a list of words.
26
What's Recency Effect?
Enhanced recall of the last few items. and can result from rehearsing items that are still in short-term storage.
27
What's Chunking?
Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory.
28
What's Working Memory?
Refers to active maintenance of information in short-term storage.
29
What's a Episodic Buffer?
Integrates visual and verbal information from the into a whole.
30
What's Long Term Memory?
A type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years.
31
Where is Long Term Memory located in the brain?
Hippocampal Index.
32
What's Anterograde Amnesia?
The inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store.
33
What's Retrograde Amnesia?
The inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or surgery.
34
What's Consolidation?
The process by which memories become stable in the brain.
35
What's Reconsolidation?
Memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again.
36
Where are Memories stored?
The synapse.
37
What's Long Term Potentiation (LTP)?
A process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier.
38
What's Retrieval?
The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored, and it is perhaps the most important of all memory processes.
39
What's Retrieval Cue?
External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind. Ex, Adam Driver in the Last Jedi
40
What's the Encoding Specificity Principle?
A retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded. Ex, the divers
41
What's State Dependent Retrieval?
The process whereby information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval. For example, retrieving information when you are in a sad or happy mood increases the likelihood that you will retrieve sad or happy episodes.
42
What's Transfer Appropriate Processing?
The idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match.
43
What's Retrieval Induced Forgetting?
A process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items.
44
What's Explicit Memory?
Occurs when people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences. Ex, Last summer
45
What's Implicit Memory?
Past experiences influence later behaviour and performance, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection. Ex, Ability to ride a bike.
46
What's Procedural Memory?
The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how” to do things.
47
What's Priming?
An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to that stimulus during an earlier study task.
48
What's Semantic Memory?
A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world.
49
What's Episodic Memory?
The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.
50
What's Perceptual Priming?
reflects implicit memory for the sensory features of an item (e.g., the visual characteristics of a word or picture)
51
What's Conceptual Priming?
Reflects implicit memory for the meaning of a word or how you would use an object.
52
What's Episodic Specificity Induction?
Brief training in recalling details of past experience.
53
What's Divergent Creative Thinking?
Generating creative ideas by combining different types of information in new ways. Ex, finding different ways to use a brick.
54
What's Collaborative Memory?
Remembering things in groups.
55
What's Collaborative Inhibition?
The same number of individuals working together recall fewer items than they would on their own.
56
What's Flashbulb Memory?
Something we will never forget.
57
What Hippocampus is unnecessary for acquiring new ______ memories.
Semantic.
58
What's the 8 Sins of Forgetting?
1. Absentmindedness 2. Transience 3. Interference 4. Blocking 5. Misattribution 6. Suggestibility 7. Bias 8. Persistence
59
What's Transience?
Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time.
60
What's Retroactive Interference?
Situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier.
61
What's Proactive Interference?
Refers to situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later.
62
What's Absentmindedness?
A lapse in attention that results in memory failure.
63
What's Prospective Memory?
Remembering to do things in the future. Remember to remember.
64
What's Intention Offloading?
People are particularly likely to engage in intention offloading when task demands are high and when they lack confidence in their memory abilities. Ex, Google calendar.
65
What's Blocking?
A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it.
66
What's Memory Misattribution?
Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source.
67
What's Source Memory?
Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired.
68
What's False Recognition?
A feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before.
69
What's Suggestibility?
The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections.
70
What's Bias?
The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences.
71
What's Consistency Bias?
Is the bias to reconstruct the past to fit the present.
72
What's Egocentric Bias?
The tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect.
73
What's Persistence?
The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget.

PSYC 111 (7 decks)

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