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PSYC 111 > CH 6 > Flashcards

CH 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Memory?

A

Is the ability to store and retrieve information over time.

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2
Q

What are the 3 key functions of memory?

A

Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

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3
Q

What’s Encoding?

A

The process of transforming what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

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4
Q

What’s Storage?

A

The process of maintaining information in memory over time.

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5
Q

What’s Retrieval?

A

The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored.

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6
Q

What’s Semantic Encoding?

A

Is the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already stored in memory.

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7
Q

What’s Semantic Judgement?

A

Think about the meaning of the words (Is hat a type of clothing?).

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8
Q

What’s Rhyme Judgements?

A

Think about the sound of the words (Does hat rhyme with cat?).

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9
Q

What’s Case Judgements?

A

Think about the appearance of the words (Is HAT written in uppercase or lowercase?).

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10
Q

What’s Visual Imagery Encoding?

A

The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures.

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11
Q

What does Semantic Judgements activate in the brain?

A

The lower left prefrontal lobe and in inner part of the left temporal lobe.

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12
Q

What does Visual Judgements activate in the brain?

A

The occipital lobe.

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13
Q

What’s Organizational Encoding?

A

The process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items.

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14
Q

What does Organizational Encoding activate in the brain?

A

Upper surface of the left frontal lobe.

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15
Q

What’s Encoding?

A

Registering information in memory.

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16
Q

What’s Retrieval?

A

Getting memory out of memory storage.

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17
Q

What’s the order of memorizing new information?

A

Encode, storage, retrieve.

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18
Q

What are the 3 major kinds of memory storage?

A

Sensory, short-term, and long-term.

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19
Q

What’s Sensory Memory?

A

A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.

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20
Q

What’s Iconic Memory?

A

A fast-decaying store of visual information.

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21
Q

What’s Echoic Memory?

A

A fast-decaying store of auditory information.

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22
Q

What’s Short-Term Memory?

A

Holds nonsensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute.

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23
Q

What’s Rehearsal?

A

The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it.

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24
Q

What’s Serial Position Effect?

A

The first few and last few items in a series are more likely to be recalled than the items in the middle.

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25
Q

What’s Primacy Effect?

A

Enhanced recall of the first few items in, say, a list of words.

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26
Q

What’s Recency Effect?

A

Enhanced recall of the last few items. and can result from rehearsing items that are still in short-term storage.

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27
Q

What’s Chunking?

A

Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory.

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28
Q

What’s Working Memory?

A

Refers to active maintenance of information in short-term storage.

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29
Q

What’s a Episodic Buffer?

A

Integrates visual and verbal information from the into a whole.

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30
Q

What’s Long Term Memory?

A

A type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years.

31
Q

Where is Long Term Memory located in the brain?

A

Hippocampal Index.

32
Q

What’s Anterograde Amnesia?

A

The inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store.

33
Q

What’s Retrograde Amnesia?

A

The inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or surgery.

34
Q

What’s Consolidation?

A

The process by which memories become stable in the brain.

35
Q

What’s Reconsolidation?

A

Memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, thus requiring them to be consolidated again.

36
Q

Where are Memories stored?

A

The synapse.

37
Q

What’s Long Term Potentiation (LTP)?

A

A process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier.

38
Q

What’s Retrieval?

A

The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored, and it is perhaps the most important of all memory processes.

39
Q

What’s Retrieval Cue?

A

External information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind. Ex, Adam Driver in the Last Jedi

40
Q

What’s the Encoding Specificity Principle?

A

A retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded. Ex, the divers

41
Q

What’s State Dependent Retrieval?

A

The process whereby information tends to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval. For example, retrieving information when you are in a sad or happy mood increases the likelihood that you will retrieve sad or happy episodes.

42
Q

What’s Transfer Appropriate Processing?

A

The idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding and retrieval contexts of the situations match.

43
Q

What’s Retrieval Induced Forgetting?

A

A process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items.

44
Q

What’s Explicit Memory?

A

Occurs when people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiences. Ex, Last summer

45
Q

What’s Implicit Memory?

A

Past experiences influence later behaviour and performance, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection. Ex, Ability to ride a bike.

46
Q

What’s Procedural Memory?

A

The gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how” to do things.

47
Q

What’s Priming?

A

An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to that stimulus during an earlier study task.

48
Q

What’s Semantic Memory?

A

A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world.

49
Q

What’s Episodic Memory?

A

The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.

50
Q

What’s Perceptual Priming?

A

reflects implicit memory for the sensory features of an item (e.g., the visual characteristics of a word or picture)

51
Q

What’s Conceptual Priming?

A

Reflects implicit memory for the meaning of a word or how you would use an object.

52
Q

What’s Episodic Specificity Induction?

A

Brief training in recalling details of past experience.

53
Q

What’s Divergent Creative Thinking?

A

Generating creative ideas by combining different types of information in new ways. Ex, finding different ways to use a brick.

54
Q

What’s Collaborative Memory?

A

Remembering things in groups.

55
Q

What’s Collaborative Inhibition?

A

The same number of individuals working together recall fewer items than they would on their own.

56
Q

What’s Flashbulb Memory?

A

Something we will never forget.

57
Q

What Hippocampus is unnecessary for acquiring new ______ memories.

A

Semantic.

58
Q

What’s the 8 Sins of Forgetting?

A
  1. Absentmindedness
  2. Transience
  3. Interference
  4. Blocking
  5. Misattribution
  6. Suggestibility
  7. Bias
  8. Persistence
59
Q

What’s Transience?

A

Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time.

60
Q

What’s Retroactive Interference?

A

Situations in which later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier.

61
Q

What’s Proactive Interference?

A

Refers to situations in which earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later.

62
Q

What’s Absentmindedness?

A

A lapse in attention that results in memory failure.

63
Q

What’s Prospective Memory?

A

Remembering to do things in the future. Remember to remember.

64
Q

What’s Intention Offloading?

A

People are particularly likely to engage in intention offloading when task demands are high and when they lack confidence in their memory abilities. Ex, Google calendar.

65
Q

What’s Blocking?

A

A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it.

66
Q

What’s Memory Misattribution?

A

Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source.

67
Q

What’s Source Memory?

A

Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired.

68
Q

What’s False Recognition?

A

A feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before.

69
Q

What’s Suggestibility?

A

The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections.

70
Q

What’s Bias?

A

The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences.

71
Q

What’s Consistency Bias?

A

Is the bias to reconstruct the past to fit the present.

72
Q

What’s Egocentric Bias?

A

The tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect.

73
Q

What’s Persistence?

A

The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget.

PSYC 111 (7 decks)

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