CH 5

Question 1

What’s Consciousness?

Answer 1

A person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind.

Question 2

What’s Phenomenology?

Answer 2

How things seem to the conscious person, in their understanding of mind and behavior.

Question 3

What’s the Problem of Other Minds?

Answer 3

The fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others.

Question 4

What’s the Mind-Body Problem?

Answer 4

The issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body.

Question 5

What are the 4 basic Properties of Consciousness?

Answer 5

Intentionality, Unity, Selectivity, Transience.

Question 6

What’s Intentionality?

Answer 6

the quality of being directed towards an object. Consciousness is always about something.

Question 7

What’s Unity?

Answer 7

The concept that at any given moment the contents of consciousness are experienced as a single integrated state, even though they will consist of a multiplicity of perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and so forth.

Question 8

What’s Selectivity?

Answer 8

The capacity to include some objects but not others.

Question 9

What’s Dichotic Listening?

Answer 9

People wearing headphones hear different messages in each ear.

Question 10

What’s the Cocktail Party Phenomenon?

Answer 10

People tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby.

Question 11

What’s Transience?

Answer 11

Tendency to change.

Question 12

What’s Minimal Consciousness?

Answer 12

A low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior.

Question 13

What’s Full Consciousness?

Answer 13

You know and are able to report your mental state.

Question 14

What’s Self -Consciousness?

Answer 14

Distinct level of consciousness in which the person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object.

Question 15

Describe the coma look…

Answer 15

At first glance, like they are deeply asleep. Their eyes are closed, they do not communicate, and they do not respond when someone shouts their name or pinches their toe (either of which would generally waken a sleeping person!). They seem to be completely unaware.

Question 16

Describe the vegetative state…

Answer 16

No awareness, no communication, sleep wake pattern, may open eyes. but—and this is key to the diagnosis—none of these behaviours are produced reliably in response to external stimulation.

Question 17

Describe minimally conscious state…

Answer 17

Patients in a minimally conscious state can respond reliably but somewhat inconsistently to sensory stimulation.

Question 18

What’s Locked in Syndrome?

Answer 18

A rare condition in which patients are fully aware but cannot demonstrate it because they cannot move any voluntary muscles.

Question 19

What’s Mental Control?

Answer 19

The attempt to change conscious states of mind. For example, someone troubled by a recurring worry about the future (“What if I can’t get a decent job when I graduate?”) might choose to try not to think about this because it causes too much anxiety and uncertainty.

Question 20

What’s Thought Suppression?

Answer 20

The conscious avoidance of a thought.

Question 21

What’s Rebound Effect of Thought Suppression?

Answer 21

The tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression.

Question 22

What’s the Ironic Processes of Mental Control?

Answer 22

Ironic errors occur because the mental process that monitors errors can itself produce them. The irony about the attempt not to think of a white bear, for instance, is that a small part of the mind is searching for the white bear.

Question 23

What’s the Dynamic Unconscious?

Answer 23

An active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person’s deepest instincts and desires, and the person’s inner struggle to control these forces. Ex, Repressed memories, urges, childhood trauma’s.

Question 24

What’s Repression?

Answer 24

A mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious.

Question 25

What’s the Cognitive Unconscious?

Answer 25

All the mental processes that give rise to a person’s thoughts, choices, emotions, and behaviour even though they are not experienced by the person. Ex, Driving standard and not realizing it.

Question 26

What’s Dual Process Theories?

Answer 26

Suggest that we have two different systems in our brains for processing information: one dedicated to fast, automatic, and unconscious processing; and the other dedicated to slow, effortful, and conscious processing.

Question 27

What’s Experience?

Answer 27

The ability to feel pain, pleasure, hunger, consciousness, anger, or fear

Question 28

What’s Agency?

Answer 28

The ability for self-control, planning, memory, or thought

Question 29

What’s an Altered State of Consciousness?

Answer 29

A form of experience that departs significantly from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind.

Question 30

What’s Hypnagogic State?

Answer 30

This pre-sleep consciousness. As you begin to fall asleep, the busy, task-oriented thoughts of the waking mind are replaced by wandering thoughts and images and odd juxtapositions, some of them almost dreamlike.

Question 31

What’s Hypnic Jerk?

Answer 31

A sudden quiver or sensation of dropping, as though missing a step on a staircase.

Question 32

What’s Hypnopompic State?

Answer 32

Post-sleep consciousness.

Question 33

What’s Circadian Rhythm?

Answer 33

A naturally occurring 24-hour cycle, from the Latin circa (“about”) and dies (“day”).

Question 34

What’s the Stages of Sleep?

Answer 34

Stage 1 - Theta waves
Stage 2 - Sleep spindles and/or K complexes
Stage 3 - Delta waves appearing 
Stage 4 - Delta waves - Deep sleep
Stage 5 - REM - waves similar to waking

Question 35

What’s REM Sleep?

Answer 35

Which is characterized by rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity, and during which EEG patterns become high-frequency sawtooth waves, similar to beta waves.

Question 36

What’s Insomnia?

Answer 36

Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep, is perhaps the most common sleep disorder. About 30 to 48% of people report symptoms of insomnia

Question 37

What causes self-induced insomnia?

Answer 37

It results from lifestyle choices such as working night shifts

Question 38

What causes Secondary Insomnia?

Answer 38

It occurs in response to depression, anxiety, or some other condition

Question 39

What causes Primary Insomnia?

Answer 39

No obvious causal factors

Question 40

What’s Sleep Apnea?

Answer 40

A disorder in which the person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep.

Question 41

What’s Somnambulism (Sleep walking)?

Answer 41

Occurs when a person arises and walks around while asleep.

Question 42

What’s Narcolepsy?

Answer 42

A disorder in which sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities.

Question 43

What’s Sleep Paralysis?

Answer 43

The experience of waking up unable to move and is sometimes associated with narcolepsy.

Question 44

What’s Night Terrors?

Answer 44

Are abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal.

Question 45

What are the five characteristics of dreaming?

Answer 45

Emotion, thought, sensation, uncritical acceptance, difficulty remembering.

Question 46

What’s Manifest Content?

Answer 46

Its apparent topic or superficial meaning.

Question 47

What’s Latent Content?

Answer 47

A dream’s true underlying meaning.

Question 48

What’s the Activation Synthesis Model?

Answer 48

This theory proposes that dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs during sleep.

Question 49

What’s Lucid Dreaming?

Answer 49

A state in which a person becomes aware that he or she is dreaming while still in a sleep and dream state.

Question 50

What’s Sleep Deprivation?

Answer 50

A telltale decrease in performance on a range of attention and memory tasks. Associated with a weakened immune system and negative moods.

Question 51

What are Psychoactive Drugs?

Answer 51

Chemicals that influence consciousness or behaviour by altering the brain’s chemical message system.

Question 52

What’s Positive Reinforcement?

Answer 52

Which refers to an increase in the likelihood of a behaviour following the presentation of a reward. In other words, people often try and then repeat the use of psychoactive drugs because those drugs induce a positive psychological state.

Question 53

What’s Negative Reinforcement?

Answer 53

Which refers to an increase in the likelihood of a behaviour following the removal of an aversive state. That is, people often continue to use psychoactive drugs to reduce or eliminate withdrawal symptoms that arise after the drug leaves their system.

Question 54

What’s Drug Tolerance?

Answer 54

The tendency for larger drug doses to be required over time to achieve the same effect.

Question 55

What’s Physical Dependence?

Answer 55

Refers to the pain, convulsions, hallucinations, or other unpleasant symptoms that accompany withdrawal from drug use. People who suffer from physical dependence may seek to continue drug use to avoid becoming physically ill.

Question 56

What’s Psychological Dependence?

Answer 56

Refers to a strong desire to return to the drug even when physical withdrawal symptoms are gone. Drugs can create an emotional need over time that continues to prey on the mind, particularly in circumstances that are reminders of the drug.

Question 57

What’s a Depressant?

Answer 57

Substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system. The most commonly used depressant is alcohol; others include barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and toxic inhalants (such as glue or gasoline).

Question 58

What’s Expectancy Theory?

Answer 58

Suggests that alcohol effects can be produced by people’s expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations. So, for instance, if you’ve watched friends or family drink at weddings and notice that this often produces hilarity and gregariousness, you could well experience these effects yourself should you drink alcohol on a similarly festive occasion.

Question 59

What’s a Balanced Placebo Design?

Answer 59

Behaviour is observed following the presence or absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence or absence of a placebo stimulus.

Question 60

What’s Alcohol Myopia?

Answer 60

Proposes that alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations.

Question 61

What’s a Stimulant?

Answer 61

Substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels. They include caffeine, amphetamines, nicotine, cocaine, modafinil, and Ecstasy, some of which sometimes have a legitimate pharmaceutical purpose.

Question 62

What are Narcotics (opiates)?

Answer 62

Highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain.

Question 63

What are Hallucinogens?

Answer 63

Alter sensation and perception and often cause visual and auditory hallucinations.

Question 64

What’s Marijuana (Weed, cannabis)?

Answer 64

A plant whose leaves and buds contain a psychoactive drug called tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

Question 65

What’s Anandamide?

Answer 65

Is involved in the regulation of mood, memory, appetite, and pain perception and has been found to temporarily stimulate overeating in laboratory animals, much as marijuana does in humans

Question 66

What’s a Gateway Drug?

Answer 66

A drug whose use increases the risk of the subsequent use of more harmful drugs.

Question 67

What’s Hypnosis?

Answer 67

Refers to a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person’s (the participant’s) subjective experience of the world.

Question 68

What’s Posthypnotic Amnesia?

Answer 68

The failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions to forget.

Question 69

What’s Hypnotic Analgesia?

Answer 69

The reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis. For example, one classic study found that for pain induced in volunteers in the laboratory, hypnosis was more effective than morphine, diazepam (Valium), aspirin, acupuncture, or placebos.