ch 6, 8, 19, 20

Question 1

socialization

Answer 1

the process where people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate for members of a particular culture

how to behave

Question 2

microsociology perspective on socialization

Answer 2

we learn how to behave “properly”

we learn what to expect from others

Question 3

role of socialization

Answer 3

creates an ideal cultural standard

can help to shape our personality

Question 4

the process of socialization in which a person “rehearses” for his/her future career, occupation, or relationship

Answer 4

anticipatory socialization

Question 5

the process of getting rid of previous behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one’s life

Answer 5

resocialization

Question 6

specific ceremonies and celebrations that mark our stages of development

Answer 6

rites of passage

Question 7

family, school, peer groups, mass media and technology, workplace, state and gov

Answer 7

agents of socialization

Question 8

theory that culture completely determines behavior of everyone it socializes

Answer 8

cultural determinism

Question 9

assumes human nature is plastic, and culture can form any type of personality or patterned role

Answer 9

cultural determinism

Question 10

process by which roles determine how people are socialized

Answer 10

differential socialization

Question 11

people are raised differently bc of different expectations of the roles they will preform

Answer 11

differential socialization

Question 12

people’s personalities change to fit their jobs better over time

Answer 12

adult socialization

Question 13

going along with peers

Answer 13

conformity

Question 14

compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure

Answer 14

obedience

Question 15

behavior that violates the standard of conduct or expectations of a group or society

Answer 15

deviance

Question 16

the labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups

Answer 16

stigma

Question 17

techniques and strategies for preventing deviant behavior in any society

Answer 17

social control

Question 18

used to casually enforce norms

Answer 18

informal social control

Question 19

the more dependent members are on a group, the more they conform to group norms

Answer 19

principle of dependence

1 of 3 principles of informal social control

Question 20

when group behavior is easily observed or monitored by other members, the degree of conformity will be greater

Answer 20

principle of visibility

2 of 3 principles of informal social control

Question 21

the greater the scope and extent of norms upheld by the group, the greater will be the contribution to social order

Answer 21

principle of extensiveness

3 of 3 principles of informal social control

Question 22

control that applies to legalized (formalized) rules and laws

Answer 22

formal social control

Question 23

limit opportunities; early intervention

Answer 23

prevention

1 of 3 methods of formal social control

Question 24

punishment must be perceived as certain, swift, and severe if it is to be effective detterents

Answer 24

deterrence

2 of 3 methods of formal social control

Question 25

resocialize people so they stop wanting to deviate

Answer 25

reformation and resocialization 3 of 3 methods of formal social control

Question 26

emphasizes that a person learns criminal behavior through interactions with others

Answer 26

cultural transmission deviance theory

Question 27

process through which violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes that are favorable to criminal acts ex. exposure to "wrong crowd"

Answer 27

differential association deviance theory

Question 28

social relationships in a neighborhood or community affect people's behavior

Answer 28

social disorganization theory

Question 29

when neighborhoods decline and become disorganized population leaves, building deteriorates, and crime rises

Answer 29

social disorganization theory

Question 30

attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants or "troublemakers" while others taking part in the same behavior are not

Answer 30

labeling theory

Question 31

``` small, densely populated poor transportation networks limit food supply distance centers or disease and pollution limited crime control the attraction of citites ```

Answer 31

characteristics of pre industrial cities

Question 32

What makes a city possible?

Answer 32

agricultural technology division of labor transportation

Question 33

population of more than 2,500

Answer 33

urban

Question 34

population of at least 50,000

Answer 34

city

Question 35

small communities adjacent to cities

Answer 35

suburb

Question 36

"mother city" a city and its sphere of influence

Answer 36

metropolis

Question 37

centralized urban development; expansion along rail lines or "spider like" sprawl; city center is focal point; characteristic type of older industrial cities (eastern coast)

Answer 37

fixed rail metroplis

Question 38

decentralized urban development (can't find downtown); expansion more even, determined by geography; suburbs are multiple points of focus; characteristic of newer cities (west coast)

Answer 38

freeway metropolis

Question 39

"community" small town, rural type of lifestyle

Answer 39

gemeinschaft

Question 40

"society or association" lack of cohesion, high fragmentation

Answer 40

gesellschaft

Question 41

synonymous with rational organization, a group created to pursue definite goals

Answer 41

formal organization

Question 42

tactics and procedures are designed and evaluated in terms of effectiveness in achieving goals

Answer 42

formal organization

Question 43

a component of formal organizations where rules and ranked positions are used to achieve efficiency

Answer 43

bureaucracy

Question 44

What is the limit of people a supervisor or manager can effectively manage?

Answer 44

7

Question 45

stifles creativity promote people to their level of incompetence can discriminate against minorities and foster reverse discrimination

Answer 45

dysfunctions of bureaucracy

Question 46

you end up staying in the job you don't do well

Answer 46

Peter Principle

Question 47

when an organization's survival is threatened, stated goals may be replaces

Answer 47

goal displacement aspect of a natural system

Question 48

the members of an organization may not ascribe to the same goals

Answer 48

goal conflict aspect of a natural system

Question 49

persons may be able to utilize an informal network to circumvent the chain of command

Answer 49

informal relations