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Biology > Ch. 6 & 7 Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis > Flashcards

Ch. 6 & 7 Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

describe prophase I

A

-chromosomes become visible. -the nuclear envelope breaks down. -crossing over occurs

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2
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

chromosomes that are similar in size, shape and genetic content

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3
Q

what is the process by which sperm are formed called?

A

spermatogenesis

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4
Q

2 X and one Y means

A

klinefelters syndrome

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5
Q

name the steps of binary fission.

A
  1. DNA is copied. 2. Cell begins to divide. 3. Cell completely divides. 4. Two identical haploid cells are created.
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6
Q

What functions do spindles perform during mitosis?

A

they move chromosomes during mitosis

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7
Q

What happens in inversion?

A

a chromosome fragment attches to the same chromosome but in reverse order

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8
Q

what happens during the first growth (G1) phase of the cell cycle?

A

cell carries out its routine functions. It is normal and living

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9
Q

What controls the cell cycle?

A

proteins

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10
Q

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by ____

A

binary fission

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11
Q

what if the process by which eggs are formed called?

A

oogenesis

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12
Q

describe anaphase II

A

-centromeres divide -chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell

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13
Q

for the plant cell cell to undergo cytokinesis what must they do

A

form a cell plate

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14
Q

What types of environmental influences can induce mutations?

A

chemicals, ultraviolet radiation, and viruses

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15
Q

purpose of meiosis

A

make genetically unique gametes

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16
Q

What is a homologous pair?

A

a pair of chromosomes

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17
Q

what can you see in karyotypes?

A

homologous pairs, abnormalities, and sex

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18
Q

What is a pair of chromosomes called?

A

a homologous pair

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19
Q

describe metaphase I

A

pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell

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20
Q

What spermatogenesis?

A

the formation of sperm

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21
Q

what is meiosis?

A

the process of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes to form gametes

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22
Q

What happens in crossing over?

A

paternal and maternal homologous chromosomes cross DNA

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23
Q

How does prokaryotes reproduce?

A

asexually

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24
Q

What are the two types of cells in your body?

A

gametes and somatic cells

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25
Q

What are the three mechanisms for genetic variation?

A

-Crossing over -Independent assortment -random fertilization

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26
Q

the first three stages of the cell cycle is called

A

interphase

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27
Q

What function do centrioles perform in animal cell mitosis?

A

they help form the spindle

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28
Q

What contains the information to make proteins that regulate cell growth and division

A

genes

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29
Q

when a sperm fertilizes an egg, what is formed?

A

a zygote

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30
Q

what is the cell cycle?

A

a repeating sequence of cellular growth and division during the life of an organism

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31
Q

when and where does oogenesis take place

A

in the ovaries of a women during fetal development

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32
Q

Purpose of mitosis

A

make identical copies of mother cell

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33
Q

what happens in duplication?

A

a chromosome fragment attaches to its homologous chromosome creating a duplicate of the gene in the fragment

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34
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

a picture of chromosomes from largest to smallest

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35
Q

describe prohase II

A

a new spindle forms around the chromosomes

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36
Q

The checkpoint that makes the decision whether the cell will divide is the

A

cell growth (G1) checkpoint

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37
Q

What is the 23rd pair of chromosome called?

A

sex chromosome

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38
Q

descibe telophase I and cytokinesis

A

-chromosomes gather at the poles of the cell -the cytoplasm divides

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39
Q

A zygote is haploid or diploid?

A

diploid

40
Q

Name two things that make meiosis different from mitosis

A

-two cytokinesis events -homologous pairs line up during metaphase

41
Q

whats wrong with the chromosomes if you have turners syndrome?

A

you are missing an X, you have XO

42
Q

What happens in translocation?

A

a chromosome fragment attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome

43
Q

What are autosomes?

A

the first 22 pairs of chromosomes

44
Q

What is interphase?

A

the first three stages of the cell cycle

45
Q

What happens during the second growth (G2) phase in the cell cycle?

A

Preparations are made foe the nucleus to divide. The organelle and membrane copies

46
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

centromeres divide. chromatids move toward opposite poles as the spindle fibers attached to them shorten

47
Q

describe the process of spermatogenesis.

A
  1. starts with a cell called spermatogonia. 2. spermatogonia chromosomes replicate to form a primary spermatocyte. 3. the primary spermatocyte splits to become secondary spermatocyte. 4. the secondary spermatocyte splits to form a total of four spermatids. 5. spermatids develop into sperm after developing a tail
48
Q

Which cells are diploid?

A

somatic cells

49
Q

which cells are haploid?

A

sperm and ova

50
Q

What is a zygote?

A

a fertilized egg

51
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

52
Q

What is wrong with the chromosome if you have klinefelters

A

you have an extra X, XXY

53
Q

what is wrong with the chromosomes if you have down syndrome

A

you have 3 #21 chromosomes

54
Q

what is random fertilization?

A

is when a zygote that forms at fertilization is random (any sperm and egg)

55
Q

what is independent assortment?

A

random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

56
Q

What is a sex chromosome?

A

the 23rd pair of chromosomes that determines the sex of an idividual

57
Q

describe anaphase I

A

homologous chromosomes to the opposite poles of the cell

58
Q

What are gametes?

A

organisms reproductive cells

59
Q

What are the end products of meiosis?

A

unique haploid gametes

60
Q

what are the phases of mitosis, in order?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

61
Q

Why does meiosis produce four sperm cells but only one egg?

A

In sperm formation the cytoplasm divides equally in meiosis I and II to form four sperm cells. In egg formation the cytoplasm divides unevenly after meiosis I which causes one egg and three polar bodies

62
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

63
Q

what are chromatids?

A

two parts of a chromosome that contain identical copies of DNA and is joined by a centromere

64
Q

What is genetic recombination?

A

the exchange of genetic information in order to increase the genetic diversity of the population

65
Q

describe metaphase II

A

chromosomes line up along the equator

66
Q

Define mutations

A

changes in an organism’s chromosomes

67
Q

What is the symbol for diploid?

A

2n

68
Q

what happens in prophase?

A

the chromosomes coil up and become visible. Nuclear envelope dissolves and the spindle forms

69
Q

What is a centromere?

A

the point at which the two chromatids of a chromosomes are attached

70
Q

What happens in cytokinesis during the cell cycle?

A

cytoplasm divides

71
Q

What happens during the synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle?

A

DNA is copied

72
Q

sperm and ova are _____cells

A

haploid

73
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Nuclear envelope forms at each pole. chromosomes uncoil, spindle dissolves and cytokinesis begins

74
Q

Whats the difference between meiosis I and meiosis II.

A

meiosis I involves the separation of pairs of homologous chromosomes. meiosis II involves the separation of the two chromatids that make up each chromosome.

75
Q

During cytokinesis in animal cells, the cell is pinched in half by _______

A

a belt of proteins

76
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

rod-shaped structures made up of DNA wrapped tightly around proteins

77
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

having two sets of chromosomes

78
Q

what are the first 22 pairs of chromosomes called?

A

autosomes

79
Q

what are somatic cells?

A

all the cells in your body except reproductive cells

80
Q

when does spermatogenesis take place?

A

in a guys testicles when he hits puberty

81
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

nucleus divides into two nuclei

82
Q

describe the process of oogenesis

A
  1. the oogonia chromosomes replicate to form the primary oocyte. 2. the primary oocyte splits unevenly into two cells: the secondary oocyte and a polar body. 3. the secondary oocyte then splits unevenly to form an ovum and another polar body. 4. The ovum is the egg and the polar bodies die and disintegrate.
83
Q

three 21 chromosomes means

A

you have down syndrome

84
Q

What is cancer?

A

the untcontrolled growth of cells

85
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

the formation of eggs

86
Q

What is the difference between undifferentiated sperm cells and sperm?

A

undifferentiated sperm are made by meiosis. These cells become sperm by changing in form and developing tails

87
Q

What re the end products of mitosis?

A

identical diploid cells

88
Q

During cell division the DNA in a eukaryotic cell’s nucleus is coiled into structures called ____.

A

chromosomes

89
Q

What happens in deletion?

A

a piece of chromosome breaks off

90
Q

Name four differences between mitosis and meiosis.

A

The purpose: mitosis-make identical copies of mother cell. meiosis-make genetically unique gametes. The end products; mitosis- identical diploid cells meiosis- unique haploid gametes In meiosis homologous pairs line up during metaphase and there are two cytokinesis events

91
Q

describe telephase II and cytokinesis

A

-a nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes. -the cytoplasm divides

92
Q

If you are missing an X you have

A

Turners syndrome

93
Q

what does haploid mean?

A

having one set of chromosomes

94
Q

Name the for types of mutations

A

deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

95
Q

What has only one circular chromosome?

A

a prokaryote cell, bacteria

96
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes move to the center of the cell and line up along the equator

Biology (7 decks)

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