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Biology > CH. 37 Introduction to Body Structure > Flashcards

CH. 37 Introduction to Body Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

Define tissue

A

a group of similar cells that work together to perform a common function

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2
Q

The body is structurally organized into what four levels.

A
  1. cells
  2. tissue
  3. organs
  4. organ systems
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3
Q

What are the four kinds of tissue?

A
  1. epithelial
  2. nervous
  3. connective
  4. muscle
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4
Q

Nervous tissue makes up what?

A

the nervous system

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5
Q

Nervous tissue consists of what?

A

nerve cell

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6
Q

Describe epithelial tissue.

A

Lines most body surfaces, it protects other tissue from dehydration and physical damage

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7
Q

Epithelial is no more than a few what?

A

cells thick

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8
Q

Describe the cells of epithelial tissue.

A

typically flat and thin and contain a small amount of cytoplasm

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9
Q

What does the connective tissue do?

A

supports, protects, and insulates the body

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10
Q

The connective tissue includes what?

A

fat, cartilage, bone, tendons, and blood

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11
Q

Muscle tissue enables what?

A

the movement of body structure by muscle contraction

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12
Q

Name the three kinds of muscle tissue.

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

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13
Q

Skeletal muscle is what kind of muscle?

A

voluntary

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14
Q

What is a voluntary muscle?

A

A muscle you can consciously control its contractions.

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15
Q

Skeletal muscle moves what?

A

the bones in the trunk and limbs

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16
Q

What is an involuntary muscle?

A

A muscle that you cannot control its contractions

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17
Q

Smooth muscle lines what?

A

the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs

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18
Q

When does smooth muscle contract?

A

It contracts when stimulated by signal molecules or spontaneously

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19
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

in the heart

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20
Q

What do the contractions of the cardiac muscle allow?

A

the pumping of blood to all of the body tissue

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21
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

early undifferentiated cells that can change to all the types of cells in the body

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22
Q

What are ‘immortal’ cells?

A

cells that divide indefinitely

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23
Q

What is a downside of embryonic stem cell therapy?

A

it destroys an early embryo

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24
Q

Where are adult stem cells located?

A

in the bone marrow

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25
Q

Adult stem cells stop reproducing after how many cell divisions?

A

100

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26
Q

What is a downside of adult stem cells?

A

they are not as versatile as embryonic stem cells

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27
Q

Adult stem cells produce different types of what?

A

blood cells

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28
Q

Embryonic stem cells are what?

A

immortal

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29
Q

What is a body organ?

A

two or more type of tissue working together to perform a specific function

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30
Q

What is an organ system?

A

a group of organs that work together to carry out a major processes

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31
Q

What is a body cavity?

A

large fluid filled spaces that house and protect major internal organs

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32
Q

Describe the body cavities, organs are what?

A

suspended in fluid that support their weight and prevent them from being deformed by body movement

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33
Q

Name the four major body cavities

A

cranial, spinal, thoracic, and abdominal

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34
Q

Describe the cranial cavity.

A

brain is protected by the skull

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35
Q

Describe the spinal cavity

A

spinal cord protected by vertebra

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36
Q

Describe the thoracic cavity

A

heart and lungs protected by rib cage and sternum

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37
Q

Describe the abdominal cavity

A

digestive organs protected by pelvis and abdominal muscles

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38
Q

What does the term endothermic mean?

A

the ability of an organism to maintain body temperature by producing heat internally

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39
Q

A large percentage of the energy we consume is devoted to what/

A

maintain our body temperature

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40
Q

How does the body maintain a constant temp.?

A

through the flow of blood in blood vessels under the skin

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41
Q

To release heat the body does what?

A

increases blood flow in the vessels

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42
Q

To retain heat the body does what?

A

shuns away from the skin

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43
Q

What is a benefit of being endothermic?

A

it allows you to sustain strenous activity for a long time

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44
Q

How many bones are in the human skeleton?

A

206

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45
Q

What forms the axial skeleton?

A

the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum

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46
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

the bones not included in the axial skeleton. the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder

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47
Q

The most complex part of the axial skeleton is what?

A

the skull

48
Q

What is attached to the spine?

A

the vertebrae

49
Q

Curving forward from the middle vertebrae are what?

A

12 pairs of ribs that make up the rib cage

50
Q

the appendicular skeleton forms what?

A

the appendages or limbs

51
Q

What is the hip attachment called?

A

pelvic girdle

52
Q

What are bones made of?

A

a hard outer covering of compact bone surrounding an inner core of spongy bone

53
Q

What is bone marrow?

A

soft tissue inside bones where red and white blood cells are produced

54
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

the fibrous tissue that covers bones

55
Q

Define epithelial tissue.

A

a tissue composed of cells that form a barrier between an organism and its environment

56
Q

Define nervous tissue.

A

the tissue of the nervous system, which consists of neurons, their supporting cells and connective tissue

57
Q

Define muscle tissue.

A

the tissue made of cells that can contract and relax to produce movement

58
Q

Define connective tissue.

A

a tissue that has a lot of intracellular substance and that connects and supports other tissues

59
Q

Red bone marrow begins the production of what?

A

all blood cells and platelets

60
Q

Yellow bone marrow consists of what?

A

mostly fat, which stores energy

61
Q

During development what is gradually replaced by bone as minerals are deposited.

A

cartilage

62
Q

Define Haversian canals.

A

a channel containing blood vessels in compact bone tissue

63
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

bone cells

64
Q

What maintains the mineral content of bone?

A

osteocytes

65
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

a condition caused by severe bone loss where bones become brittle and are easily fractured

66
Q

What is a joint?

A

a place where two bones meet

67
Q

What are ligaments?

A

strong bands of connective tissue that hold the bones of a joint

68
Q

What cushions the ends of the bones of a joint?

A

pads of cartilage

69
Q

Name the three main types of joints.

A

immovable joints, slightly movable joints, and freely movable joints

70
Q

Describe the movement of immovable joints.

A

Immovable joints permit little or no movement of the bones they join.

71
Q

Describe the movement of slightly movable joints

A

Slightly movable joints permit limited movement of the bones they join

72
Q

Describe the movement of freely movable joints.

A

Freely movable joints permit movement. The direction of bone movement is determined by the structure of the joint

73
Q

Give an example of an immovable joint.

A

cranial bones

74
Q

Give an example of a slightly movable joint

A

rib cage

75
Q

Give an example of a freely movable joint.

A

knee

76
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

a painful inflammation of freely movable joints.

77
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

a disorder that causes the degeneration of cartilage that covers the surfaces of bones

78
Q

What happens when a disease afflicts the bones or connective tissue?

A

the joints ability to move may be impaires

79
Q

What are tendons?

A

strips of dense connective tissue

80
Q

What is a flexor muscle?

A

a muscle that bends a limb or other body port

81
Q

What is a extensor muscle?

A

a muscle that extends a joint

82
Q

What is actin?

A

a protein responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle

83
Q

What is myosin?

A

the most abundant protein in muscle tissue and the main constituent of thick filaments of muscle fiber

84
Q

What are the contractile protein filaments that muscle contains called?

A

actin and myosin

85
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

fibers that are found in striated muscle cells and that are responsible for muscle contractions

86
Q

What are sarcomeres?

A

the basic unit of contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle

87
Q

Each skeletal muscle fiber contains small cylindrical structures called?

A

myofibrils

88
Q

Sections of protein filaments that contract together are called?

A

sarcomeres

89
Q

Where does muscle contraction occur?

A

in the sarcomeres of myofibrils

90
Q

How does a muscle contract?

A

myosin and actin filaments slide along one another and a sarcomere shortens

91
Q

Muscle contactions use what?

A

ATP supplied by aerobic respiration

92
Q

During brief intense activities what takes over?

A

anaerobic processes take over and ATP is produced by glycolysis

93
Q

What happens when both aerobic and anaerobic pathways become insufficient?

A

muscles use glycogen as an energy source

94
Q

What kind of exercises can increase muscle size and strength?

A

resistance exercises

95
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

the skin

96
Q

What forms the integumentary system?

A

the skin, hair and nails

97
Q

What are the two primary layers of skin?

A

the epidermis and the dermis

98
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

the outermost layer of the skin

99
Q

What is the epidermis made up of?

A

several layers of epithelial cells

100
Q

What is keratin?

A

a protein that makes skin tough and waterproof

101
Q

What is melanin?

A

a pigment that helps determines skin color

102
Q

The inner layer of the epidermis contains cells that produce which pigment?

A

melanin

103
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

nerve cells, blood vessels, and hair follicles

104
Q

What is the dermis?

A

the functional layer of skin that lies just beneath the epidermis

105
Q

What is a hair follicle?

A

a depression in the skin that encloses a hair and its root

106
Q

What is the subcutaneous tissue?

A

a layer of connective tissue made mostly of fat that lies just beneath the dermis

107
Q

Where are the hair and nails derived from/

A

the epidermis

108
Q

What do hair follicles produce?

A

individual hairs

109
Q

Nails are produced by what?

A

specialized epidermal cells located at the base of each nail

110
Q

What is sebum?

A

an oily secretion that lubricates the skin

111
Q

What do oil glands in the dermis release?

A

sebum

112
Q

What is acne?

A

a chronic, inflammatory skin condition caused by an excessive secretion of sebum, which blocks pores with oil, dirt, and bacteria.

113
Q

Skin cancer can result from what?

A

genetic mutations caused by overexposure to UV radiation

114
Q

What are carcinomas?

A

a skin caner that originates in cells and do not produce pigments

115
Q

What are malignant melanomas?

A

cancers is pigment-producing cells

Biology (7 decks)

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