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Biology > Ch. 4 Homeostasis And Transport > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Homeostasis And Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Passive transport

A

The movement of substances across the membrane that does not require any energy

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2
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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3
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The difference in concentration of molecules across a space

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4
Q

Concentration

A

The amount of something

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5
Q

How do molecules reach equilibrium?

A

Molecules move down a concentration gradient from regions of [high] to [low]; concentration of a substamce is qual throughout a space

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6
Q

The ability of a molecule to diffuse across a cell membrane depends on what two factors?

A

Size and polarity

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7
Q

How does the size affect diffusion across the membrane?

A

A molecule must be very small to pass through the lipid bilayer or to pass through the proteins in the lipid bilayer

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8
Q

How does polarity affect diffusion across the membrane?

A

A nonpolor molecule can slip through the nonpolar portion of the lipid bilayer. A protein must pass through a protein in the lipid bilayer

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9
Q

Osmosis

A

Passive transport of water where water moves from [high] to [low] of water; diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

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10
Q

The direction of osmosis depends on what?

A

The concentration of dilutes on the two sides of the membrane

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11
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

A solution with a [higher] gradient (more solutes); causes an animal cell to shrink

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12
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

A solution with a lower concentration gradient (less solutes); causes an animal cell to swell

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13
Q

Isotonic

A

When equilibrium is reached; produces no change in animal cell volume

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14
Q

Water always moves via osmosis from what to what?

A

Hypotonic region to hypertonic region

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15
Q

What are some materials that can pass through the lipid bilayer?

A

• small uncharged molecules Ex. O2 and CO2 • non polar molecules

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16
Q

What materials cannot pass through the lipid bilayer?

A

•large molecules Ex. Proteins • charged materials Ex. Ions and salts

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17
Q

How does the membrane separate the water bodies?

A

It is water insoluble

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18
Q

The membrane is made of lipids that are…

A

Water insoluble molecules

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19
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

the movement of molecules down their concentration gradient through cell membrane proteins called carrier or channel proteins

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20
Q

What are the three types of passive transport?

A

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

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21
Q

what are aquaporins?

A

the carrier proteins that allow for water to pass through the cell membrane

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22
Q

what do ion channels do?

A

transport ions like Na+, Ca2+, K+ and Cl- down their concentration gradients; transport protein through which ions can pass

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23
Q

what is active transport?

A

the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient; requires energy

24
Q

The sodium potassium pump is what kind of protein?

A

trans-membrane protein

25
Q

The binding and release of sodium or potassium ions are due to what?

A

The binding and release of sodium or potassium ions are due to the conformational changes in the protein.

26
Q

the sodium potassium pump is powered by

A

ATP

27
Q

how does the sodium potassium pump mantain the concentration gradient?

A

by pumping 3 Na+ out of the cell and by pumping 2 K+ into the cell

28
Q

the sodium potassium pump creates what kind of gradient?

A

a electrochemical gradient

29
Q

what is an electrochemical gradient

A

when the outside of the cell is slightly more positive than the inside

30
Q

what are endocytosis and exocytosis?

A

macromolecules that are too big to pass though the cell mebrane and must enter by a different mechanism

31
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

the process by which cells ingest large particle; movement of a substance by a vesicle to thr inside of a cell

ex: food

32
Q

give an example of endocytosis

A

white blood cells ingest bacteria

33
Q

what are the two types of endocytosis.

A

pinocytosis and phagocytosis

34
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A

the ingestion of liquids

35
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

the ingestion of solid particles

36
Q

if the fluid outside the cell is isotonic what happens to the cell?

A

the cell stays the same size

37
Q

if the fluid outside the cell is hypotonic then the cell….

A

if the fluid outside the cell is hypotonic then the cell will swell and burst.

38
Q

if the fluid outside the cell is hypertonic then the cell will

A

if the fluid outside the cell is hypertonic then the cell will shrink

39
Q

carrier protein

A

protein used to transport specific substances

40
Q

second messenger

A

acts as a signal molecule in the cytoplasm

41
Q

exocytosis

A

movement of a substance by a vesicle to the putside of a cell

42
Q

receptor protein

A

binds to a signal molecule, enabling the cell to respond to the signal molecule

43
Q

what do endocytosis and exocytosis have in common?

A

both require energy

44
Q

does diffusion require ATP? Channel protein required?

A

no and no

45
Q

does osmosis require energy? channel protein required?

A

no and yes aquaporins

46
Q

does facilitated diffusion require energy? channel protein required?

A

no and yes vesicle

47
Q

does exocytosis require ATP? channel protein required?

A

yes and no

48
Q

does endocytosis require energy? channel protein required?

A

yes and none

49
Q

does the sodium-potassium pump require energy? channel protein required?

A

yes and yes vesicle

50
Q

plasmolysis

A

the contraction or shrinking of the cell membrane of a plant cell in a hypertonic solution in response to the loss of water by osmosis

51
Q

hypotonic

A

when the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than that in the cytosol; water will diffuse into the cell

52
Q

hypertonic

A

when the solute concentration outside the cell is higher than that in the cytosol; water will diffuse out of the cell

53
Q

contractile vacuole

A

in protists, an organelle that accumulates water and then releases ir periodically to maintain osmotic pressure

54
Q

turgor pressure

A

the pressuire that is exerted on the inside of cell walls and that is cause by the movement of water into the cell

55
Q

cytolysis

A

the bursting of a cell

56
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

57
Q

vesicle

A

a small cavity or sac that contains materials in a eukaryotic cell; forms when part of the cell membrane surrounds the materials to be taken into the cell or transported within the cell

Biology (7 decks)

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