Ch 6-7 Flashcards
What period is stage is cell growth before MITOSIS
Interphase!
1st phase in Cell Division
Prophase
Interphase has 3 processes which are:
G1, S, G2
What process is reduction cell division?
Meiosis
What phases are G1, S, G2??
G1- pre DNA
S- dna synthesize phase
G2- post DNA
The division phase of life is:
Mitosis
The mitotic spindle forms
Carries 46 chromosomes
Are in what phase??
Can see in a microscope
Metaphase
Special cell division where female and male Cells unite ??
Meiosis
23 Chromosomes
Phase where chromatids change
New membrane is formed; (1 for each new daughter cell)
Telophase
What is it called When 2 chromatids are joined together?
Centromere
Monozygotic -
Dizygotic-
Identical twins (2 sperm, 1 egg)
Fraternal twins (2 eggs)
The backbone of a sugar molecule
mRNA
Replaces Thymine with URacil!
What is the job of rRNA?
To help link mRNA to ribosomes
What is the job of tRNA?
To transfer genetic code to ribosomes
Inorganic material does not contain??
Carbon
What are inorganic compounds ?
Water
Salts (electrolytes)
Pressure outside the cell
Osmotic pressure
Transfer of water through membranes
Osmosis
Somatic cell division =
Germatic=
Mitosis
Meiosis (reproductive cells)
Adenine and Guanine are_____
Cytosine and Thymine are_______
Purines
Pyramidines
Powerhouse of the cell
Garbage bags of cell
Pealike sacs
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Essential for sustaining life
Acts as a battery or stored energy
ATP
When a cell divides, genetic material contracts into tiny rod shaped bodies called
Chromosomes
Protein synthesis occurs in which location?
Ribosomes
Process of locating and identifying genes
Mapping
Aids in maintaining acid-base balance and important in intracellular fluid
Potassium
Amino acids consist of what combo of molecules
NH2 and COOH (carboxylic acids)
The blueprints of genetic material
Nucleolus contains:
DNA
RNA (copy center)
The freight hauling (transport enzymes) to FORM glycoproteins
Golgi apparatus
Manufacturing facility
Spindle Weaver
Ribosomes
Centrosomes
Parent cell divides into 2 daughter cells
A special cell rescues # of chromosomes
Mitosis
Meiosis
When proteins r produced it is called
Protein synthesis
Fatty acids and oils
Provide fuel for cell metabolism
Lipids
Carbs
Foreign objects of body such as(flu or cold)
Chemical secretions in bloodstream
Antigens
Hormones
The rails of double helix are made of:
4 nitrogenous bases are:
2Sugar phosphates
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, Thymine
What element makes life possible??
Carbon!!
Proteins contain most carbon
How many strings of amino acids are made for essential growth (tissue repair)
22!
Chemical building material
Protoplasm
Called cytoplasms outside of cell
Radiation damage is observed on which 3 levels:
Molecular, organic, cellular
Chromosome aberrations happen when radiation occurs in
Early interphase
Programmed cell death:
The unit of LeT:
Lubricates joints:
Aptosis
KeV per micron
Lipids
The average energy deposited per unit of track(path)
LET
Loss or change in DNA
A hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals
Mutation
H and OH
Radiosensitivity to cell is directly proportional to reproductive and inversely proportional to degree of differentiation
Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau
A process that involves the production of Free radicals that are created with water molecules
Indirect action!
Biologic damage straight from incident radiation
Direct Action
Electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, gamma, electrons are which type of LET
Low LET
Indirect damage
Cell damage indirectly from production of molecules
Free radicals
Particles that possess substantial mass and charge(Dense Ionization) (alpha particles
High LET
Direct Damage
This is possible when a nuclide is implanted, infected. Ingested, inhaled
High LET
In this type of LeT, X-rays sparcly hit cells
Low LeT
250 kvp to produce biologic reaction (to convert from animal configuration to humans)
RBE
Relative biologic effectiveness
Radiation under anoxic or hypoxic conditions
Conversion to cause biologic damage with or with out oxygen
OER
Oxygen enhancement ratio
OER has ____ effect with High LeT
But is has _______ effect with Low LeT by sending free radicals to increase damage.
NO
Greater
Potentially harmful ionizing of ionizing radiation primary occurs at
Cellular Level!!
Low let damage generally causes _______ damage to DNA
Sublethal
High LET radiation includes particles with large amounts of ??
Mass and Charge!!
The presence of oxygen in biologic tissues makes damage by free radicals more _____
Permanent (and non repairable by repairing enzymes)
This type of white blood cell plays an important role in fighting infection
Neutrophils
Thrombocytes or ________ initiate blood clotting and prevent hemorrhage
Platelets
Granulocytes initally respond to radiation by —
Increasing !!
Developing cells and embryo cells are very ________
Radiosensitive
Mature spermatogenia are specialized and do not divide so they are_________
Insensitive to ionizing radiation
Temporary sterility occurs-from a dose of______
Permanent sterility occurs from a dose of_______
2 gyt
5-6 gyt
A whole body radiation dose of 0.25 gyt within a few days will cause a measurable
Hematologic depression
What determines extent of different radiation modalities transfer of energy in biologic tissues
Charge mass and energy
When 2 direct hits to same rung of DNA
Complete chromosome breakage
These type of tissues are insensitive to radiation
Brain
Nerve
Muscle
Classic method in displaying sensitivity of particular cell to radiation
Cell survival curve
High LeTs greatest concern is
Internal interaction.
The energy in high loses its energy with every interaction along the way
A single strand break; are common with low LET; and are mostly repairable
Point lesion
Chemical unions created between atoms by a single sharing of one or more pairs of electrons
Covalent crossed links
Mostly occur in indirect action
Cell dies after 1 or more divisions
Failure for cell to start dividing on time
Mitotic death
Mitotic delay
Most blood cells are manufacture in
Lethal dose LD for humans is
Bone marrow
Estimated 3.0-4.0 gyt
Transmits a message
Carries impulses away
Synapse
Axon
When a cell DNA is directly or indirectly inactivated by exposure; the cell will die.
Target theory
