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Radiation protection 8ed Sherer > Ch 6-7 > Flashcards

Ch 6-7 Flashcards

1
Q

What period is stage is cell growth before MITOSIS

A

Interphase!

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2
Q

1st phase in Cell Division

A

Prophase

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3
Q

Interphase has 3 processes which are:

A

G1, S, G2

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4
Q

What process is reduction cell division?

A

Meiosis

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5
Q

What phases are G1, S, G2??

A

G1- pre DNA
S- dna synthesize phase
G2- post DNA

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6
Q

The division phase of life is:

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

The mitotic spindle forms
Carries 46 chromosomes
Are in what phase??
Can see in a microscope

A

Metaphase

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8
Q

Special cell division where female and male Cells unite ??

A

Meiosis

23 Chromosomes

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9
Q

Phase where chromatids change

New membrane is formed; (1 for each new daughter cell)

A

Telophase

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10
Q

What is it called When 2 chromatids are joined together?

A

Centromere

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11
Q

Monozygotic -

Dizygotic-

A

Identical twins (2 sperm, 1 egg)

Fraternal twins (2 eggs)

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12
Q

The backbone of a sugar molecule

A

mRNA

Replaces Thymine with URacil!

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13
Q

What is the job of rRNA?

A

To help link mRNA to ribosomes

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14
Q

What is the job of tRNA?

A

To transfer genetic code to ribosomes

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15
Q

Inorganic material does not contain??

A

Carbon

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16
Q

What are inorganic compounds ?

A

Water

Salts (electrolytes)

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17
Q

Pressure outside the cell

A

Osmotic pressure

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18
Q

Transfer of water through membranes

A

Osmosis

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19
Q

Somatic cell division =

Germatic=

A

Mitosis

Meiosis (reproductive cells)

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20
Q

Adenine and Guanine are_____

Cytosine and Thymine are_______

A

Purines

Pyramidines

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21
Q

Powerhouse of the cell

Garbage bags of cell
Pealike sacs

A

Mitochondria

Lysosomes

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22
Q

Essential for sustaining life

Acts as a battery or stored energy

A

ATP

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23
Q

When a cell divides, genetic material contracts into tiny rod shaped bodies called

A

Chromosomes

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24
Q

Protein synthesis occurs in which location?

A

Ribosomes

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25
Q

Process of locating and identifying genes

A

Mapping

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26
Q

Aids in maintaining acid-base balance and important in intracellular fluid

A

Potassium

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27
Q

Amino acids consist of what combo of molecules

A

NH2 and COOH (carboxylic acids)

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28
Q

The blueprints of genetic material

Nucleolus contains:

A

DNA

RNA (copy center)

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29
Q

The freight hauling (transport enzymes) to FORM glycoproteins

A

Golgi apparatus

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30
Q

Manufacturing facility

Spindle Weaver

A

Ribosomes

Centrosomes

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31
Q

Parent cell divides into 2 daughter cells

A special cell rescues # of chromosomes

A

Mitosis

Meiosis

32
Q

When proteins r produced it is called

A

Protein synthesis

33
Q

Fatty acids and oils

Provide fuel for cell metabolism

A

Lipids

Carbs

34
Q

Foreign objects of body such as(flu or cold)

Chemical secretions in bloodstream

A

Antigens

Hormones

35
Q

The rails of double helix are made of:

4 nitrogenous bases are:

A

2Sugar phosphates

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, Thymine

36
Q

What element makes life possible??

A

Carbon!!

Proteins contain most carbon

37
Q

How many strings of amino acids are made for essential growth (tissue repair)

A

22!

38
Q

Chemical building material

A

Protoplasm

Called cytoplasms outside of cell

39
Q

Radiation damage is observed on which 3 levels:

A

Molecular, organic, cellular

40
Q

Chromosome aberrations happen when radiation occurs in

A

Early interphase

41
Q

Programmed cell death:
The unit of LeT:
Lubricates joints:

A

Aptosis
KeV per micron
Lipids

42
Q

The average energy deposited per unit of track(path)

A

LET

43
Q

Loss or change in DNA

A hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals

A

Mutation

H and OH

44
Q

Radiosensitivity to cell is directly proportional to reproductive and inversely proportional to degree of differentiation

A

Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau

45
Q

A process that involves the production of Free radicals that are created with water molecules

A

Indirect action!

46
Q

Biologic damage straight from incident radiation

A

Direct Action

47
Q

Electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, gamma, electrons are which type of LET

A

Low LET

Indirect damage

48
Q

Cell damage indirectly from production of molecules

A

Free radicals

49
Q

Particles that possess substantial mass and charge(Dense Ionization) (alpha particles

A

High LET

Direct Damage

50
Q

This is possible when a nuclide is implanted, infected. Ingested, inhaled

A

High LET

51
Q

In this type of LeT, X-rays sparcly hit cells

A

Low LeT

52
Q

250 kvp to produce biologic reaction (to convert from animal configuration to humans)

A

RBE

Relative biologic effectiveness

53
Q

Radiation under anoxic or hypoxic conditions

Conversion to cause biologic damage with or with out oxygen

A

OER

Oxygen enhancement ratio

54
Q

OER has ____ effect with High LeT

But is has _______ effect with Low LeT by sending free radicals to increase damage.

A

NO

Greater

55
Q

Potentially harmful ionizing of ionizing radiation primary occurs at

A

Cellular Level!!

56
Q

Low let damage generally causes _______ damage to DNA

A

Sublethal

57
Q

High LET radiation includes particles with large amounts of ??

A

Mass and Charge!!

58
Q

The presence of oxygen in biologic tissues makes damage by free radicals more _____

A

Permanent (and non repairable by repairing enzymes)

59
Q

This type of white blood cell plays an important role in fighting infection

A

Neutrophils

60
Q

Thrombocytes or ________ initiate blood clotting and prevent hemorrhage

A

Platelets

61
Q

Granulocytes initally respond to radiation by —

A

Increasing !!

62
Q

Developing cells and embryo cells are very ________

A

Radiosensitive

63
Q

Mature spermatogenia are specialized and do not divide so they are_________

A

Insensitive to ionizing radiation

64
Q

Temporary sterility occurs-from a dose of______

Permanent sterility occurs from a dose of_______

A

2 gyt

5-6 gyt

65
Q

A whole body radiation dose of 0.25 gyt within a few days will cause a measurable

A

Hematologic depression

66
Q

What determines extent of different radiation modalities transfer of energy in biologic tissues

A

Charge mass and energy

67
Q

When 2 direct hits to same rung of DNA

A

Complete chromosome breakage

68
Q

These type of tissues are insensitive to radiation

A

Brain
Nerve
Muscle

69
Q

Classic method in displaying sensitivity of particular cell to radiation

A

Cell survival curve

70
Q

High LeTs greatest concern is

A

Internal interaction.

The energy in high loses its energy with every interaction along the way

71
Q

A single strand break; are common with low LET; and are mostly repairable

A

Point lesion

72
Q

Chemical unions created between atoms by a single sharing of one or more pairs of electrons

A

Covalent crossed links

Mostly occur in indirect action

73
Q

Cell dies after 1 or more divisions

Failure for cell to start dividing on time

A

Mitotic death

Mitotic delay

74
Q

Most blood cells are manufacture in

Lethal dose LD for humans is

A

Bone marrow

Estimated 3.0-4.0 gyt

75
Q

Transmits a message

Carries impulses away

A

Synapse

Axon

76
Q

When a cell DNA is directly or indirectly inactivated by exposure; the cell will die.

A

Target theory

Radiation protection 8ed Sherer (5 decks)

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