Ch 10 Ethics Flashcards
Limits of occupational exposure; usually set at 1/10 of the action limit
Action limits
Purpose to trigger an investigation
Effect that a beneficial consequence of radiation for populations continuously exposed
Radiation Hormesis
Annual dose limits for occupational workers is ________
But it was recommended that the dose be ______ in 1991 by NCRP
50mSv
20msv
The dose limit for the lens of the eye for public/education ?
The same for occupational workers ?
15msv
150msv
When one is pregnant, their dose limit should never exceed ______ during the course of pregnancy and no more than ______ in one month
- 0msv
0. 5msv
The negligible individual dose NID is _____
0.01 mSv
The sum of both internal and external whole body exposures
CumEfD limit
Responsible for:
Radiation safety program
Personal monitoring
Provides counseling
RSO
Means the same as optimization
ALARA
Who regulates manufacturing of electronic products and diagnostic equipment
FDA
“Employees right to know”
Title 29
Non ionizing radiation such as microwaves
OSHA
The agreement that the state enforces laws given by NRC
The agreement where NRC and state join together to enforce
Agreement states
Non-agreement
Controls radiation of the environment; developed in 1970
EPA
Radiation induced responses are
Tissue
Stochastic
Nonstochastic and deterministic effects are
Cell death
Replaced by tissue reactions
Who writes rules and regulations regarding radiation safety
NRC
Studies biologic effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessments from early rad workers, atomic bomb survivors, Chernobyl
BEIR
Also runs current stats on techs
In 1955, evaluation human and environmental ionizing radiation exposures
Such as radioactive material, machines, radiation incidents (Japan atomic bomb)
UNSCEAR
Epidemiologic studies
Reviews regulations by the ICRP and decides whether to incorporate to the US
NCRP
The center for devices and radiological Health (CDRH) is under jurisdiction by the
FDA
The code of standards for diagnostic X-ray equipment regulates what
Automatic limitation-PBL
mA , kvp timers
Presence of “beam” indicators or warnings
The public law of the code of standards for diagnostic X-rays is strictly
Equipment performance standard
“Each patient should get the right imaging exam, at right time, and right dose”
White paper document by FDA
The consumer patient radiation health and safety act of 1981 provides federal standards for
Minimal standards for the accreditation of education programs
EfD and eqd limiting systems are incorporated in
Title 10, part 20.
A doc provided by the US office of the federal Register
Revived recommendations for radiation induced malignancy for the NCRP is in the
And in the ICRP in
Report 116
Report 60
Evaluates biologic effects from radiation and guidelines in occupational and public dose limits
ICRP
In control of the manufacturing and use of radioactive substances formed in nuclear reactors
NRC
Naturally occurring /accelerated produced materials aka
NARM
EX:
Thallium 201 (used in nuc med)
Palladium 103 (used in prostate)
The radiation control for health and safety act was found in
1968
The ALARA concept contributes to the relationship between
Ionizing radiation and potential risk.
It also follows a linear non threshold model
2 terms the ICRP and NCRP have settled on in regards to radiation effects
Stochastic
Tissue effects
What are stochastic effects ?
- Cancer or hereditary effects
Single or small # cells r affected
What are tissue effects?
Large # cells are injured
There are early and late tissue effects
Epilaton
Erythema
Decrease in white cells
(GI syndrome, cerebrovascular syndrome, hematopoietic syndrome)
Early tissue effects
Cataracts
Fibrosis
Organ atrophy
Late tissue effects
What effects follow both linear and linear quadratic dose curves
Stochastic effects (Random effects)
A nonlinear and sigmoidal S shape threshold are effects of
Early and late effects
Every organ is vulnerable to ionizing radiation despite that some are more sensitive to others; all are at risk. This was stated by
The NCRP
Occupation risk as a radiographer is considered
Reasonably safe.
Estimated 2.5% over fatal accident over entire career
The greatest risk for embryo fetus is during which period
Week 8-15weeks after conception
Who manufactures electronic products in radiation?
Who manufactures and controls radioactive substances?
FDA
NRC
The sum of both external and internal whole body dose
EfD
The set of numeric dose limits based on calculations
Concerns upper boundary dose results in negligible risk of body injury
EfD limiting system
EfD limit
A radiation quantity used for radiation protection purposes
EqD
