Ch. 6

Question 1

What are the components of thought?

Answer 1

Thinking is a cognitive process in which the brain uses information from the senses, emotions, and memory to create and manipulate mental representations, such as concepts, images, schemas, and scripts

Question 2

Represent objects and events from direct experience

Answer 2

Natural concepts

Question 3

The most representative examples of a conceptual category

Answer 3

Prototypes

Question 4

Defined by rules

Answer 4

Artificial concepts

Question 5

What is particularly important for coordinating brain activity?

Answer 5

The frontal lobe

Question 6

Making judgements without consciously reasoning

Answer 6

Intuition

Question 7

A cluster of related concepts that provides content and expectations about the features likely to be found when you encounter familiar people, situations, images, and ideas

Answer 7

Schema

Question 8

A cluster of knowledge about sequences of events and actions expected to occur in particular settings

Answer 8

Script

Question 9

What abilities do good thinkers posses?

Answer 9

They have a repertoire of effective strategies called algorithms and heuristics, and they know how to avoid common impediments to problem solving and decision-making.

Question 10

Problem solving procedures or formulas; guarantee a correct outcome if applied correctly

Answer 10

Algorithms

Question 11

Cognitive strategies used as shortcuts to solve complex mental tasks; do not guarantee a correct solution

Answer 11

Heuristics

Question 12

Tendency to respond to a new problem in the manner used for a previous problem

Answer 12

Mental set

Question 13

Inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose; a type of mental set

Answer 13

Functional Fixedness

Question 14

Using unnecessary restrictions; not thinking “outside the box”

Answer 14

Self-Imposed Limitations

Question 15

Makes us pay attention to events that confirm our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts them

Answer 15

Confirmation Bias

Question 16

The tendency, after learning about an event, to “second guess” or believe that we could have predicted the events in advance

Answer 16

Hindsight Bias

Question 17

Faulty heuristic caused by basing an estimate on a complete irrelevant quantity

Answer 17

Anchoring Bias

Question 18

Faulty heuristic strategy based on presumption that, once people or events are categorized, they share all the features of other members in that category

Answer 18

Representativeness Bias

Question 19

Faulty heuristic strategy that estimates probabilities based on the availability of vivid mental images of the event

Answer 19

Availability Bias

Question 20

The impairment of effective decision making when one is confronted with an overwhelming number of choices

Answer 20

Tyranny of Choice

Question 21

What produces extraordinary creativity?

Answer 21

Knowledge; expertise, aptitude, personality characteristics

Question 22

Amount of trait variation WITHIN a group that can be attributed to genetic differences

Answer 22

Heritability