Ch 6

Question 1

People who are in contact with one another, who share some way of thinking, feeling, and behaving; take one another’s behavior into account and have one or more goals/interests in common

Answer 1

Groups

Question 2

People who share social characteristics

Answer 2

Social category

Question 3

People who happen to be at the same place at the same time

Answer 3

Social aggregate

Question 4

People who are emotionally close, know one another well and seek another’s company

Answer 4

Primary groups

Question 5

Based on ties of affection and personal loyalty, involve many different aspects of people’s lives, and endure over long periods of time

Answer 5

Primary relationships

Question 6

People come together to accomplish a specific purpose

Answer 6

Secondary groups

Question 7

Impersonal interactions involving only limited parts of their personality

Answer 7

Secondary relationships

Question 8

A group one uses to evaluate oneself, and from which one acquires attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms

Answer 8

Reference group

Question 9

The group within one has membership

Answer 9

In-group

Question 10

A group toward which one feels opposition, antagonism, or competition

Answer 10

Out-group

Question 11

A web of social relationships that joins a person to other people and groups

Answer 11

Social network

Question 12

A form of social interaction in which individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach some common goal

Answer 12

Cooperation

Question 13

A form of social interaction in which individuals or groups work against one another to obtain a larger share of the valuables

Answer 13

Conflict

Question 14

A form of social interaction in which individuals or groups are forced to give in to the will of other individuals or groups

Answer 14

Coercion

Question 15

Behavior matching group expectations

Answer 15

Conformity

Question 16

A situation in which pressures toward uniformity discourage members of a group from expressing their reservations about group decisions

Answer 16

Groupthink

Question 17

A social structure deliberately created for the achievement of one or more goals

Answer 17

Formal organization

Question 18

Formal organizations based on rationality and efficiency

Answer 18

Bureaucracies

Question 19

The ability to control the behavior of others, even against their will

Answer 19

Power

Question 20

Power accepted as legitimate by those subjected to it

Answer 20

Authority

Question 21

A method that involves isolating the mast basic characteristics of some social entity

Answer 21

Ideal-type method

Question 22

The solution of problems on the basis of logic, data, and planning rather than tradition and superstition

Answer 22

Rationalism

Question 23

The situation that occurs when organizational rules and regulations become more important that organizational goals

Answer 23

Goal displacement

Question 24

The situation that occurs when previous training prevents someone from adapting to new situations

Answer 24

Trained incapacity

Question 25

Organizations based on rapid response to change rather than on the continuing implementation of established administrative principles

Answer 25

Organic-adaptive systems

Question 26

A group in which personal relationships are guided by rules, rituals, and sentiments not provided for by the formal organization

Answer 26

Informal organization

Question 27

The principle that power tends to become concentrated in the hands of a few members of any organized group

Answer 27

Iron law of oligarchy

Question 28

The use of one’s superior power in making unwelcome sexual advances

Answer 28

Sexual harassment

Question 29

Consists of all the forces outside an organization that exert an actual or potential influence on the organization

Answer 29

Organizational environment

Question 30

A pattern of interaction among authorized representatives of two or more formally independent organizations

Answer 30

Interorganizational relationship