Ch 6

Question 1

What are the 3 major physical parameters used to describe the acoustic characteristics of sound?

Answer 1

Time, Frequency, and Intensity

Question 2

Time in acoustics refers to….

Answer 2

the duration of any particular sound; usually recorded in milliseconds (msec) or seconds (sec)

Question 3

1 sec = _____ msec

Answer 3

1000

Question 4

Frequency of a sound can be defined as…

Answer 4

the number of cycles a vibrating body completes in 1 second.

Question 5

F0 =

Answer 5

fundamental frequency

Question 6

F0 of an average male is approximately 125 times/sec, or ____ _____

Answer 6

125 Hertz (Hz)

Question 7

Acoustically, each phoneme (sound) of a language has _____ ______ _______ ____ __.

Answer 7

unique frequency information associated with it.

Question 8

Frequency is preceived in terms of _______.

Answer 8

pitch

Question 9

As the ______ of a sound increases, so does its perceived _____.

Answer 9

frequency, pitch

Question 10

________ refers to the amplitude (magnitude) of energy associated with a particular sound.

Answer 10

Intensity

Question 11

The greater the energy associated with a particular auditory even, the greater its ______.

Answer 11

intensity

Question 12

Typically, intensity is recorded in _____ and is perceived in terms of ______.

Answer 12

decibels (dB), loudness

Question 13

There is a direct relationship between intensity and ______; as the intensity of a sound increases, so does its _____.

Answer 13

loudness, loudness

Question 14

English vowel and diphthong phonemes are generally _____ in intensity than the ______;

Answer 14

greater, consonants

Question 15

The least intense vowel, /__ /, is greater in intensity than /__ /, the consonant with the greatest intensity.

Answer 15

/i/, reverse /r/

Question 16

Next to vowels, _____ have the greatest intensity, followed by the _____.

Answer 16

sonorants, obstruents

Question 17

A ______ is a graphic representation of sound that displays time on the _____ or _____, and intensity (amplitude) on the ____ or _____.

Answer 17

waveform, abscissa, x-axis, ordinate, y-axis

Question 18

When sound occurs, there is a ______ in the air causing movement of ___ ______.

Answer 18

disturbance, air particles

Question 19

Vowels and diphthongs are generally _____ in ____ than most consonants in any particular syllable.

Answer 19

longer, duration

Question 20

A _______ is a graphic representation of all 3 major physical parameters of sound: time, frequency, and intensity.

Answer 20

spectrogram

Question 21

The time it takes a vibrating body to complete one cycle is called its _____.

Answer 21

period

Question 22

The dark horizontal bears indicated on a spectrogram are called _____.

Answer 22

formants

Question 23

Formants are….

Answer 23

resonant frequencies of the vocal tract.

Question 24

The frequency array, or energy pattern, associated with any sound is called its ______.

Answer 24

spectrum

Question 25

vowels and sonorants have low-frequency spectra and , therefore, are perceived as ___-____ ____.

Answer 25

low-pitched phonemes

Question 26

the obstruents (especially the fricatives), have spectra higher in frequency and are perceived to having _____ ______ ____, due to the high frequency noise (______).

Answer 26

higher spectral pitch, turbulence

Question 27

F1 is ______ related to tongue height.

Answer 27

inversely, (the higher the tongue is elevated , the lower the value of F1)

Question 28

F2 is ____ related to tongue advancement.

Answer 28

directly, (the more fronted the tongue placement, the higher the value of F2.

Question 29

The dynamic change in the frequency of the formant from vowel to the following consonant is known as a _____ _____.

Answer 29

formant transition

Question 30

_______ is the frictional noise that follows the release burst of the stop.

Answer 30

Aspiration

Question 31

Voice Onset Time (VOT)

Answer 31

the time differential b/ween the release of the stop burst and the onset of the voicing of the vowel.

Question 32

A _____ ___ precede the release of a stop; is a silent interval that reflects the actual time within oral pressure is building up int he oral cavity prior to the stop release.

Answer 32

stop gap

Question 33

During the production of voiced stops, a low-frequency band occurs during the stop game, this band of energy reflects vibration of the vocal folds and is called a ____ ___

Answer 33

voice bar

Question 34

Sibilants

Answer 34

the fricatives /s, z, sh, ge/ are the MOST INTENSE of all the fricatives

Question 35

The ___-_____ fricatives include /th, thh, f, v, h/. ___-_____ are perceived as being less intense (loud) than the _____.

Answer 35

non-sibilants, non-sibilants, sibilants

Question 36

The acoustic radiation that goes outward through the nasal cavity is called the ____ ____.

Answer 36

nasal formant

Question 37

The reduction in the amplitude of energy (intensity) of a vibrating system, brought about by sound absorption, is known as _____.

Answer 37

damping

Question 38

The perceived inherent pitch of the voice is known as....

Answer 38

habitual speech

Question 39

The habitual pitch of the voice is actually determined by the _____ _____ _____, defined as the _____ ____ _____ of the voice during fluent speech production (during conversation).

Answer 39

speaking fundamental frequency (SFF), average fundamental frequency (F0)

Question 40

How do the F1 and F2 rules RELATE to TONGUE HEIGHT and ADVANCEMENT during vowel production?

Answer 40

F1 is related to TONGUE HEIGHT; inverse relationship-HIGHER the tongue, the LOWER the value of F2. F2 is directly related to TONGUE ADVANCEMENT, MORE FONTED the tongue placement, the HIGHER THE VALUE of F2.

Question 41

Which acoustic cues help differentiate voiced from voiceless stops?

Answer 41

ASPIRATION is a burst of air associated with the production of VOICELESS stops (ONLY /p, t, k/). VOT (voice onset time) is the TIME DIFFERENTIAL between the release of the stop burst and the onset of the voice of the vowel. *VOICELESS CONSONANTS ALWAYS HAVE LONGER VOT's THAN DO VOICE.

Question 42

TIME, FREQUENCY & INTENSITY? How are they indicated on a waveform & a spectrogram?

Answer 42

TIME-duration of any sound (milliseconds-msec). FREQUENCY-the number of cycles a vibrating body completes in 1 second. INTENSITY-the amplitude of energy associated with a particular sound (decibels-dB). T, F, & I are ALL represented on a SPECTROGRAM. Time is on the x-axis, frequency on the ordinate (examine vertical markers), & intensity indicated by variants of shading (darker = more intense). T & I are represented on a WAVEFORM; time on the x-axis and intensity on the y-axis.

Question 43

What are some ways in which vowels and consonants appear differently on a spectrogram?

Answer 43

-VOWELS show up as DARK HORIZONTAL BARS (formants) -each vowel has a UNIQUE SET OF RESONANCES or FORMANT FREQUENCIES -vowels have LOW-FREQUENCY spectra -vowels are generally LONGER IN DURATION & MORE INTENSE. -CONSONANTS are less intense -VOICE BARS are observable during the STOP GAPS associated with VOICED STOPS

Question 44

FORMANTS? What is its importance in speech acoustics?

Answer 44

they are resonant frequencies of the vocal tract and appear as dark horizontal bars on a spectrogram; formant patterns give each separate vowel a unique acoustic quality & provide acoustic cues to listeners so that each vowel sound can be recognized individually.

Question 45

Acoustic measurements useful?

Answer 45

when working with the HEARING-IMPAIRED (w/cochlear implants), GENDER IDENTIFICATION/speaking fundamental frequency, CLEFT PALATE/TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURIES