CH 6

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Relatively permanent/ enduring change in behavior or thinking that as a result from practice or acquired through experiences

Question 2

Stimulus

Answer 2

Event or Occurrence that generally leads to a response

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

Two different stimuli are associated

Question 4

Operant Conditioning

Answer 4

Connections between behaviors and consequence are made

Question 5

Observational Learning

Answer 5

Learning occurs by watching and imitating others

Question 6

Three types of Learning

Answer 6

Classical, Operant, Observational

Question 7

Classical Conditioning

Answer 7

A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli

Question 8

Unconditioned Stimuli

Answer 8

Elicits a response without prior experience

Question 9

Unconditioned Response

Answer 9

Response to stimulus without previous experience

Question 10

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 10

Does not produce a specific response

Question 11

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 11

Neutral stimulus that, through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a learned response

Question 12

Conditioned Response

Answer 12

Learned reaction by pairing original neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus

Question 13

Operant Conditioning

Answer 13

Associative learning based on positive or negative consequences of responding

Question 14

Thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 14

Responses that lead to desirable effects are repeated; those that produce undesirable results are not

Question 15

Operant

Answer 15

Voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about a consequence

Question 16

Reinforcement

Answer 16

Any event follows a response and strengthens or increases the probability that the response will be repeated.

Question 17

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 17

a pleasant or desirable consequence after response
- increases the probability that the response will be repeated

Question 18

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 18

termination of an unpleasant condition after a response
- increases the probability that the response will be repeated

Question 19

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Answer 19

The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct, nonreinforced responses. The number of correct responses needed.

Question 20

Variable Ratio (VR)

Answer 20

The reinforcer is given after a varying number of nonreinforced responses. A varying number of responses.

Question 21

Fixed Interval (FI)

Answer 21

The reinforcer is given in response to the first correct response after a specific period of time has elapsed. Only after a set amount of time has passed.

Question 22

Variable Interval (VI)

Answer 22

The reinforcer is given after first correct response following a varying period of time. Variation on a fixed interval schedule.

Question 23

Generalization

Answer 23

Will similar behaviors bring about the same consequences?
- The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded reinforcement

Question 24

Discrimination

Answer 24

Only very specific behavior will generate a consequence

Question 25

Memory Processes

Answer 25

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

Question 26

Sensory Memory

Answer 26

Registers a great deal from environment for a very brief period

Question 27

Long-Term Memory

Answer 27

Long term storage of information, potentially for a lifetime

Question 28

Short-Term Memory

Answer 28

Temporarily holds all the information you are currently thinking about or consciously aware of

Question 29

Iconic Memory

Answer 29

Visual Sensory Images

Question 30

Echoic Memory

Answer 30

Auditory System

Question 31

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 31

Can’t remember past but can remember new things

Question 32

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 32

Can remember past but can’t rember new things