CH 6 Flashcards
Learning
Relatively permanent/ enduring change in behavior or thinking that as a result from practice or acquired through experiences
Stimulus
Event or Occurrence that generally leads to a response
Classical Conditioning
Two different stimuli are associated
Operant Conditioning
Connections between behaviors and consequence are made
Observational Learning
Learning occurs by watching and imitating others
Three types of Learning
Classical, Operant, Observational
Classical Conditioning
A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli
Unconditioned Stimuli
Elicits a response without prior experience
Unconditioned Response
Response to stimulus without previous experience
Neutral Stimulus
Does not produce a specific response
Conditioned Stimulus
Neutral stimulus that, through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a learned response
Conditioned Response
Learned reaction by pairing original neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus
Operant Conditioning
Associative learning based on positive or negative consequences of responding
Thorndike’s law of effect
Responses that lead to desirable effects are repeated; those that produce undesirable results are not
Operant
Voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about a consequence
Reinforcement
Any event follows a response and strengthens or increases the probability that the response will be repeated.
Positive Reinforcement
a pleasant or desirable consequence after response
- increases the probability that the response will be repeated
Negative Reinforcement
termination of an unpleasant condition after a response
- increases the probability that the response will be repeated
Fixed Ratio (FR)
The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct, nonreinforced responses. The number of correct responses needed.
Variable Ratio (VR)
The reinforcer is given after a varying number of nonreinforced responses. A varying number of responses.
Fixed Interval (FI)
The reinforcer is given in response to the first correct response after a specific period of time has elapsed. Only after a set amount of time has passed.
Variable Interval (VI)
The reinforcer is given after first correct response following a varying period of time. Variation on a fixed interval schedule.
Generalization
Will similar behaviors bring about the same consequences?
- The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to those that preceded reinforcement
Discrimination
Only very specific behavior will generate a consequence
Memory Processes
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
Sensory Memory
Registers a great deal from environment for a very brief period
Long-Term Memory
Long term storage of information, potentially for a lifetime
Short-Term Memory
Temporarily holds all the information you are currently thinking about or consciously aware of
Iconic Memory
Visual Sensory Images
Echoic Memory
Auditory System
Retrograde Amnesia
Can’t remember past but can remember new things
Anterograde Amnesia
Can remember past but can’t rember new things
