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mcat bio textbook > ch. 6 > Flashcards

ch. 6 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is an organelle

A

small structure within a cell that carriers out specific cellular functions

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2
Q

what is a nucleus? what is a mitochondria?

A

nucleus: contains and protects DNA; transcription occurs here
mitochondria: produce ATP via the tca cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

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3
Q

what are ribosomes? what is the rough ER?

A

ribosomes: synthesize proteins
rough ER: location of synthesis/modification of secretory proteins

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4
Q

what is the smooth ER? What is the golgi apparatus?

A

smooth er: detoxify and glycogen break down in liver
golgi apparatus: modification and sorting of proteins

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5
Q

what are lysosomes? what are peroxisomes?

A

lysosome: contain acid hydrolases that do digestion
peroxisome: metabolize lipids and toxins using hydrogen peroxide

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6
Q

what three very important processes that occur in the nucleus

A

replication, transcription, and splicing of mRNA

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7
Q

in the nucleus, how does it protect the genome?

A

it has a nuclear envelope that separates it from the rest of the nucleus

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8
Q

what is a locus

A

genes can be mapped genetically and physically to the chromosome they reside and where they are on the chromosome

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9
Q

aside from DNA what else does the nucleus have

A

the nuclear matrix/nuclear scaffold that helps with cytoskeleton

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10
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

a region within the nucleus which functions as a ribosome factory and this is where transcription occurs

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11
Q

small small proteins can go in and out of nucleus through —-? what do big proteins need to have to pass through the nucleus membrane

A

they can go through nuclear pores and big proteins need a sequence of AA called nuclear localization sequence

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12
Q

the inner membrane of the mitochondria is — while the outer membrane is

A

inner membrane is impermeable while the outer membrane is smooth and has large pores to allow diffusion

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13
Q

why does the mitochondria have its own membrane and dna?

A

due to the endosymbiotic theory of mitochondrial evolution

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14
Q

mitochondria is inherited by which parent

A

mom!

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15
Q

why is the rough ER called rough? what does it do?

A

its rough because it has ribosomes embedded into it to make proteins for the secretory pathway

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16
Q

proteins made by the RER are what three things

A
  1. be integral membrane proteins 2. be secreted to outside of cell 3. in the membrane of inside of golgi, er or lysosomes.
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17
Q

how does a protein decide if it wants to be created by RER? what does the reading for this?

A

a protein that will be created in the RER will have an AA sequence called a signal sequence that will be read by the signal recognition particle

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18
Q

what is the default target for proteins that go through the secretory pathway? what do they need to be sent somewhere else

A

the default is the membrane and proteins needs targeting signals to go anywhere else

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19
Q

what are the organelles apart of the secretory pathway

A

lysosome, RER, SER, golgi

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20
Q

what does the golgi do?

A

modify proteins made in RER, sort and send proteins to target, and makes certain macromolecules

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21
Q

what is the cis stack? the trans stack? the medial?

A

cis stack is part of golgi closest to RER, trans is part farthest and medial is the middle

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22
Q

proteins go through what order to be sent out by the golgi

A

they must go through cis, medial, and then trans to be sent in vesicles to target area.

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23
Q

vesicles released by the golgi that stay in the membrane are part of what pathway

A

constitutive secretory pathway

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24
Q

what is the regulatory secretory pathway

A

some cells hold vesicles to be release for special events

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25
Q

what do lysosomes do? what is autophagy

A

responsible for degradation of bio macromolecules by acid and bad organelles called autophagy (eats itself)

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26
Q

crinophagy

A

eats unneeded secretory particles

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27
Q

what are peroxisomes

A

do many metabolic tasks by using H2O2 as a by product

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28
Q

what are the three most common lipids found in membranes

A

phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol

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29
Q

integral membrane protein

A

embedded in membrane and held by hydrophobic intercations

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30
Q

peripheral membrane proteins

A

not embedded into the membrane rather stuck to integral proteins held by hbonding

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31
Q

transport across membrane can be? define

A

active (needs energy) or passive (doesnt need energy)

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32
Q

molarity

A

expresses conc of a solution in terms of moles of solute per volume M= # moles of solute/ # liters of solution

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33
Q

molality

A

expresses conc in terms of moles of solute per mass in kg of solvent m=# of moles of solute/#kg of solvent

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34
Q

what can cause change to molarity but not to molality?

A

temp

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35
Q

what are electrolytes? what are strong and weak electrolytes like?

A

ionic substances that dissociate into ions and the free ions are electrolytes. strong dissociates more than weak

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36
Q

covalent compounds that dont dissociate are called

A

non electrolytes

37
Q

what does vant hoff or ionizability factor tell us

A

(i)= how many ions one unit of a substance will be produce in solution

38
Q

find i for C6H12O6, NaCl, and CaCl2

A

glucose doesnt dissociate so i=1, nacl= 2 because na and cl ions, and cacl2 i=3 because one ca but two cl ions

39
Q

what are the three colligative properties? what do they depend on?

A

the properties are vapor pressure depression, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression. these depend on the number of solute particles in solution NOT the type of particle.

40
Q

vapor pressure depression

A

the pressure exerted by the gas phase of a liquid that evaporated from the surface of the liquid, the weaker the liquids intermolecular forces, the faster it evaporates because it doesnt have enough particles in solution to anchor it down

41
Q

boiling point elevation

A

the more solute particles in solution, the harder it is to evaporate

42
Q

freezing point depression

A

presence of particles will interfere with crystal arrangment of frozen solid

43
Q

diffusion

A

the tendency for liquids and gases to fully occupy the available space, high to low conc

44
Q

osmosis

A

water always wants to be where its not, diffusion but for water

45
Q

isotonic? hypertonic? hypotonic?

A

isotonic: solute conc is equal inside and out
hypertonic: solution has more solute so shirvelled cell
hypotonic: solution has less solute so ballooned cell

46
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the pressure it would take to stop osmosis from occurring

47
Q

simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

A

simple: doesnt need help from protein facilitated: needs proteins or channel to flow through

48
Q

what are the things that help facilitated diffusion

A

protein channels, VG channels, LG channels, carrier proteins, pore (size specific only)

49
Q

primary active transport vs secondary active transport

A

primary: transport is coupled to ATP hydrolysis
secondary: transport isnt directly coupled to ATP hydrolysis but rather uses the gradient it creates

50
Q

what does Na/K ATPase do? what does it release and bring it

A

it helps us maintain cellular resting potential, it pumps 3 Na out of cell and brings 2 K+ into cell

51
Q

what is the charge in and out of the cell

A

outside is more (+) and inside is more (-)

52
Q

exocytosis

A

transport material outside cell using vesicle,

53
Q

endocytosis

A

transport materials inside cell using vesicle

54
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating, large things

55
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking , small things

56
Q

signal transduction

A

when a ligand binds to a receptor and triggers a response

57
Q

how do g protein receptor work?

A

the g protein receptor doesnt produce a signal but transmits a signal with the help of a second messenger called cyclic amp or cAMP

58
Q

what is the g protein secondary process like

A

glucagon and epi binds to receptor that causes GTP to turn into GDP and GDP activates adenyl cyclade to make cAMP from ATP

59
Q

cytoskeleton is made up of what three things

A

microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments

60
Q

microtubules

A

hollow rods of globular proteins that can connect to each other and come from the MTOC microtubule organizing center that starts the structure of the cell

61
Q

what comes out of the centrioles during mitosis? what is a mitotic spindle

A

microtubules come out called an aster and are connected to polar fibers and the whole thing is called mitotic spindle

62
Q

what are eu flagella made of and what is the structure

A

microtubules in 9+2 arrangement

63
Q

cillia

A

small hairs on cell surface which move fluid pass cell curface

64
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

cillia in respiratory tract sweeping mucus towards mouth

65
Q

microfilaments

A

rods formed in cytoplasm by protein called actin and responsible for cell movement and amoeboid movement

66
Q

amoeboid movement

A

involved in changed in cytoplasmic structure that causes cytoplasm and all cell to move in one direction

67
Q

intermediate filaments

A

made up of polypeptides and provides cell structure

68
Q

epithelium and whats between cells

A

tissue made up of cells tightly bound to one another and forma tight seal to prevent flow in between. tightness and lack of fluidity comes from tight junctions

69
Q

holes in between cells like the heart are called

A

gap junctions

70
Q

what is the s (synthesis) phase

A

when cell actively replicates its genome

71
Q

what is the m phase

A

it includes mitosis (cutting cell in half) and cytokinesis (physical process of cell division)

72
Q

in between m and s phase is

A

interphase where cell lives most of its life

73
Q

cells that cannot replicate without stem cells are forever in what phase

A

interphase G0

74
Q

mitosis is dividied into what

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

75
Q

prophase

A

when genome becomes visible and condensed into chromosomes with their sister chromatids, nuclear envelope disappears and spindle fibers start pulling

76
Q

what are homologous pairs

A

different copies of the same chromosome, NOT identical because each one comes from a parent

77
Q

metaphase

A

all chromosomes line up together at the center of the cell forming the metaphase plate

78
Q

anaphase

A

the spindle fibers shorten and centromeres are being pulled at each end by the MTOC creating the cleavade furrow

79
Q

telophase

A

a nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes and they decondes and each new nucleus has 2n chromosomes

80
Q

oncogenes

A

mutated genes that induce cancer

81
Q

protooncogenes

A

normal versions of the genes that allow for regular growth patterns but can turn into oncogenes

82
Q

tumor supressor genes

A

produce proteins that are the defense system to prevent cells turning into cancer

83
Q

how can tumor suppressor genes prevent cancer

A
  1. detect damage to genome and stop cell division 2. trigger cell death
84
Q

what proteins are responsible to start apoptosis

A

caspases

85
Q

interior caspases

A

respond to extra or inter death signals by clustering together

86
Q

effector caspases

A

the increase of interior caspases lead to the activation of effector caspases when then cleaves proteins to start apoptosis

87
Q

oxidative stress

A

occurs when increase of reactive oxygen species outcompetes detoxifying nature to cell

88
Q

senescene

A

the process of biological aging that occurs at cell and overall organism level. telomeres show age at cell level.

89
Q

Cilia and flagella are made of

A

Microtubules

mcat bio textbook (10 decks)

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