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mcat bio textbook > ch. 6 > Flashcards

ch. 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an organelle

A

small structure within a cell that carriers out specific cellular functions

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2
Q

what is a nucleus? what is a mitochondria?

A

nucleus: contains and protects DNA; transcription occurs here
mitochondria: produce ATP via the tca cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

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3
Q

what are ribosomes? what is the rough ER?

A

ribosomes: synthesize proteins
rough ER: location of synthesis/modification of secretory proteins

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4
Q

what is the smooth ER? What is the golgi apparatus?

A

smooth er: detoxify and glycogen break down in liver
golgi apparatus: modification and sorting of proteins

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5
Q

what are lysosomes? what are peroxisomes?

A

lysosome: contain acid hydrolases that do digestion
peroxisome: metabolize lipids and toxins using hydrogen peroxide

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6
Q

what three very important processes that occur in the nucleus

A

replication, transcription, and splicing of mRNA

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7
Q

in the nucleus, how does it protect the genome?

A

it has a nuclear envelope that separates it from the rest of the nucleus

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8
Q

what is a locus

A

genes can be mapped genetically and physically to the chromosome they reside and where they are on the chromosome

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9
Q

aside from DNA what else does the nucleus have

A

the nuclear matrix/nuclear scaffold that helps with cytoskeleton

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10
Q

what is the nucleolus

A

a region within the nucleus which functions as a ribosome factory and this is where transcription occurs

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11
Q

small small proteins can go in and out of nucleus through —-? what do big proteins need to have to pass through the nucleus membrane

A

they can go through nuclear pores and big proteins need a sequence of AA called nuclear localization sequence

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12
Q

the inner membrane of the mitochondria is — while the outer membrane is

A

inner membrane is impermeable while the outer membrane is smooth and has large pores to allow diffusion

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13
Q

why does the mitochondria have its own membrane and dna?

A

due to the endosymbiotic theory of mitochondrial evolution

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14
Q

mitochondria is inherited by which parent

A

mom!

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15
Q

why is the rough ER called rough? what does it do?

A

its rough because it has ribosomes embedded into it to make proteins for the secretory pathway

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16
Q

proteins made by the RER are what three things

A
  1. be integral membrane proteins 2. be secreted to outside of cell 3. in the membrane of inside of golgi, er or lysosomes.
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17
Q

how does a protein decide if it wants to be created by RER? what does the reading for this?

A

a protein that will be created in the RER will have an AA sequence called a signal sequence that will be read by the signal recognition particle

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18
Q

what is the default target for proteins that go through the secretory pathway? what do they need to be sent somewhere else

A

the default is the membrane and proteins needs targeting signals to go anywhere else

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19
Q

what are the organelles apart of the secretory pathway

A

lysosome, RER, SER, golgi

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20
Q

what does the golgi do?

A

modify proteins made in RER, sort and send proteins to target, and makes certain macromolecules

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21
Q

what is the cis stack? the trans stack? the medial?

A

cis stack is part of golgi closest to RER, trans is part farthest and medial is the middle

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22
Q

proteins go through what order to be sent out by the golgi

A

they must go through cis, medial, and then trans to be sent in vesicles to target area.

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23
Q

vesicles released by the golgi that stay in the membrane are part of what pathway

A

constitutive secretory pathway

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24
Q

what is the regulatory secretory pathway

A

some cells hold vesicles to be release for special events

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25
what do lysosomes do? what is autophagy
responsible for degradation of bio macromolecules by acid and bad organelles called autophagy (eats itself)
26
crinophagy
eats unneeded secretory particles
27
what are peroxisomes
do many metabolic tasks by using H2O2 as a by product
28
what are the three most common lipids found in membranes
phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol
29
integral membrane protein
embedded in membrane and held by hydrophobic intercations
30
peripheral membrane proteins
not embedded into the membrane rather stuck to integral proteins held by hbonding
31
transport across membrane can be? define
active (needs energy) or passive (doesnt need energy)
32
molarity
expresses conc of a solution in terms of moles of solute per volume M= # moles of solute/ # liters of solution
33
molality
expresses conc in terms of moles of solute per mass in kg of solvent m=# of moles of solute/#kg of solvent
34
what can cause change to molarity but not to molality?
temp
35
what are electrolytes? what are strong and weak electrolytes like?
ionic substances that dissociate into ions and the free ions are electrolytes. strong dissociates more than weak
36
covalent compounds that dont dissociate are called
non electrolytes
37
what does vant hoff or ionizability factor tell us
(i)= how many ions one unit of a substance will be produce in solution
38
find i for C6H12O6, NaCl, and CaCl2
glucose doesnt dissociate so i=1, nacl= 2 because na and cl ions, and cacl2 i=3 because one ca but two cl ions
39
what are the three colligative properties? what do they depend on?
the properties are vapor pressure depression, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression. these depend on the number of solute particles in solution NOT the type of particle.
40
vapor pressure depression
the pressure exerted by the gas phase of a liquid that evaporated from the surface of the liquid, the weaker the liquids intermolecular forces, the faster it evaporates because it doesnt have enough particles in solution to anchor it down
41
boiling point elevation
the more solute particles in solution, the harder it is to evaporate
42
freezing point depression
presence of particles will interfere with crystal arrangment of frozen solid
43
diffusion
the tendency for liquids and gases to fully occupy the available space, high to low conc
44
osmosis
water always wants to be where its not, diffusion but for water
45
isotonic? hypertonic? hypotonic?
isotonic: solute conc is equal inside and out hypertonic: solution has more solute so shirvelled cell hypotonic: solution has less solute so ballooned cell
46
osmotic pressure
the pressure it would take to stop osmosis from occurring
47
simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
simple: doesnt need help from protein facilitated: needs proteins or channel to flow through
48
what are the things that help facilitated diffusion
protein channels, VG channels, LG channels, carrier proteins, pore (size specific only)
49
primary active transport vs secondary active transport
primary: transport is coupled to ATP hydrolysis secondary: transport isnt directly coupled to ATP hydrolysis but rather uses the gradient it creates
50
what does Na/K ATPase do? what does it release and bring it
it helps us maintain cellular resting potential, it pumps 3 Na out of cell and brings 2 K+ into cell
51
what is the charge in and out of the cell
outside is more (+) and inside is more (-)
52
exocytosis
transport material outside cell using vesicle,
53
endocytosis
transport materials inside cell using vesicle
54
phagocytosis
cell eating, large things
55
pinocytosis
cell drinking , small things
56
signal transduction
when a ligand binds to a receptor and triggers a response
57
how do g protein receptor work?
the g protein receptor doesnt produce a signal but transmits a signal with the help of a second messenger called cyclic amp or cAMP
58
what is the g protein secondary process like
glucagon and epi binds to receptor that causes GTP to turn into GDP and GDP activates adenyl cyclade to make cAMP from ATP
59
cytoskeleton is made up of what three things
microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments
60
microtubules
hollow rods of globular proteins that can connect to each other and come from the MTOC microtubule organizing center that starts the structure of the cell
61
what comes out of the centrioles during mitosis? what is a mitotic spindle
microtubules come out called an aster and are connected to polar fibers and the whole thing is called mitotic spindle
62
what are eu flagella made of and what is the structure
microtubules in 9+2 arrangement
63
cillia
small hairs on cell surface which move fluid pass cell curface
64
mucociliary escalator
cillia in respiratory tract sweeping mucus towards mouth
65
microfilaments
rods formed in cytoplasm by protein called actin and responsible for cell movement and amoeboid movement
66
amoeboid movement
involved in changed in cytoplasmic structure that causes cytoplasm and all cell to move in one direction
67
intermediate filaments
made up of polypeptides and provides cell structure
68
epithelium and whats between cells
tissue made up of cells tightly bound to one another and forma tight seal to prevent flow in between. tightness and lack of fluidity comes from tight junctions
69
holes in between cells like the heart are called
gap junctions
70
what is the s (synthesis) phase
when cell actively replicates its genome
71
what is the m phase
it includes mitosis (cutting cell in half) and cytokinesis (physical process of cell division)
72
in between m and s phase is
interphase where cell lives most of its life
73
cells that cannot replicate without stem cells are forever in what phase
interphase G0
74
mitosis is dividied into what
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
75
prophase
when genome becomes visible and condensed into chromosomes with their sister chromatids, nuclear envelope disappears and spindle fibers start pulling
76
what are homologous pairs
different copies of the same chromosome, NOT identical because each one comes from a parent
77
metaphase
all chromosomes line up together at the center of the cell forming the metaphase plate
78
anaphase
the spindle fibers shorten and centromeres are being pulled at each end by the MTOC creating the cleavade furrow
79
telophase
a nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes and they decondes and each new nucleus has 2n chromosomes
80
oncogenes
mutated genes that induce cancer
81
protooncogenes
normal versions of the genes that allow for regular growth patterns but can turn into oncogenes
82
tumor supressor genes
produce proteins that are the defense system to prevent cells turning into cancer
83
how can tumor suppressor genes prevent cancer
1. detect damage to genome and stop cell division 2. trigger cell death
84
what proteins are responsible to start apoptosis
caspases
85
interior caspases
respond to extra or inter death signals by clustering together
86
effector caspases
the increase of interior caspases lead to the activation of effector caspases when then cleaves proteins to start apoptosis
87
oxidative stress
occurs when increase of reactive oxygen species outcompetes detoxifying nature to cell
88
senescene
the process of biological aging that occurs at cell and overall organism level. telomeres show age at cell level.
89
Cilia and flagella are made of
Microtubules

mcat bio textbook (10 decks)

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