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mcat bio textbook > ch. 13 > Flashcards

ch. 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the scrotum? what is the gonad it holds and what is its function

A

scrotum is a bag of skin holding the testes that makes sperm as well as sex androgens into the blood.

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2
Q

within the scrotum, where is the sperm made? what cells make it?

A

sperm is made within seminiferous tubules formed by the sustentacular cells.

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3
Q

where are male sex hormones made within the scrotum?

A

there is a tissue called interstitial (cells) that make the androgens

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4
Q

starting from the seminiferous tubules, what path does it follow to reach urethra within the penis?

A

seminiferous tubules to epididymis to the ductus deferens (vas deferens) that leads to the urethra

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5
Q

where are the seminal vesicles? what does this structure do?

A

they are located on the back of the bladder and secretes 60% of the semen into the ejaculatory duct

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6
Q

what is the duct that allows sperm into the urethra

A

the ejaculatory duct

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7
Q

where is semen created? what are these glands called together?

A

semen is made in the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands all called the accessory glands

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8
Q

semen vs sperm

A

semen is the fluid that holds sperm cells made of fructose to protect cells and lubricate urethra

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9
Q

erection occurs thanks to what tissue? what occurs to make the erection

A

erectile tissue gets engorged with blood increasing the BP here.

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10
Q

what is the erectile tissue made up of

A

corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum

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11
Q

what are the three phase of the male sexual act? where is the control center for this activity?

A

the three phases are arousal, orgasm, and resolution. this is controlled by an integrating center in spinal cord that responds to physical stimuli.

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12
Q

what is arousal? what occurs here? what NS controls this?

A

arousal is dependent on PNS and divided into erection (dilation of blood vessels) and lubrication (bulbourethral glands do this)

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13
Q

orgasm has what two parts? what occurs here? what NS controls this?

A

stimulation dependent on SNS and is divided into emission: release of sperm into urethra and ejaculation: release of semen outside the body

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14
Q

what is resolution? which NS controls this?

A

resolution is the return to normal controlled by sympathetic NS and caused by constriction of erectile tissue

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15
Q

what is gametogenesis? what are gametes produce in males and females called?

A

gametogenesis is where diploid germ cells undergo meiosis to make haploid gametes. males make spermatozoa or sperm and females make ova or egg

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16
Q

fusion of two gametes is called? what does it produce

A

syngamy and it produces a zygote

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17
Q

sperm synthesis is called? again where does this occur with the help of what cells

A

spermatogenesis and occurs in seminiferous tubules with the help of sustentacular cells

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18
Q

where are immature sperm located in tubule? mature?

A

immature sperm cells are in the outer wall of the tubule while the mature gets deposited into the lumen of tubule.

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19
Q

what are spermatogonium? what does it do?

A

earliest stage of sperm and it reproduces mitotically. ITS GONium GONNA become sperm

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20
Q

what are primary spermatocyte?

A

second stage of sperm, it goes through meiosis 1 “cyte” goes through meiotic division

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21
Q

what are secondary spermatocyte?

A

third stage of sperm. it goes through meiosis 2 “cyte” goes through meiotic division

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22
Q

what are spermatid?

A

fourth stage of sperm and turns into sperm. “spermaTID is a KID”

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23
Q

where does sperm go to mature?

A

they start maturing in the seminiferous tubules and finish in the epididymis

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24
Q

where does sperm get its head and tail in maturation?

A

in the epididymis

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25
Q

what organelle and protein helps with sperm getting to ova? define

A
  1. acrosome: in sperm head that has hydrolytic enzymes to penetrate ovum
  2. bindin: exists on sperm surface to attach onto ovum
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26
Q

what does testosterone do for spermatogenesis?

A

stimulates division of spermatogonia

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27
Q

what does LH (luteinizing hormone) do for spermatogenesis?

A

stimulates interstitial cells to release testosterone

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28
Q

what does FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) do for spermatogenesis?

A

simulates sustentacular cells

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29
Q

what does inhibin do for spermatogenesis

A

it inhibits FSH so stops the production of sperm from sustentacular cells

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30
Q

early embryos have what ducts? which are female and which are male?

A

embryos have Wolffian ducts (male) and Mullerian ducts (female)

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31
Q

the embryonic ducts make what? without a Y chromosome, what occurs?

A

wolffian makes male internal genitalia and mullerian make female internal genitalia. with no y chromosome, mullerian ducts develop by default

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32
Q

the y chromosome starts what in the embryo

A

it causes the development of the testes that produce testosterone systematically and mullerian inhibiting factor

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33
Q

what is important to note about testosterone in embryonic process

A

presence of testosterone doesnt start teste formation, it just makes external male genitalia

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34
Q

what occurs if theres a bad testosterone receptor?

A

the child will not develop external male genitalia

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35
Q

female and male genitalia are known as what structures? gonads?

A

female and male genitalia are known as analogous structures while gonads are considered homologous organs

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36
Q

male hormones are called what? female?

A

male : androgens and female: estrogen

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37
Q

steroid sex hormones are controlled by what CNS structures

A

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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38
Q

what is GnRH? where does it come from? what does it do

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone come from the hypothalamus to activates anterior pituitary to make LH and FSH

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39
Q

labioscrotal swellings become what in women? in men?

A

in women they become labia majora and in men, they fuse to create scrotum

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40
Q

what female organ releases estrogens

A

ovaries

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41
Q

in male, what becomes a penis becomes what in a women

A

clit

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42
Q

what is the path leads to the uterus from the vagina.

A

the vagina is a tube that goes up and ends at the cervix that then leads to the uterus

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43
Q

the innermost lining of the uterus is called? the smooth muscle underneath are

A

innermost lining is endometrium and smooth muscle is myometrium

44
Q

the uterus ends in what tubes? at the end of each tube is ? what is near this structure at the end of the tube

A

the tubes are uterine or fallopian tubes that ends into fimbriae which are finger like structures that brush against ovaries

45
Q

the female sexual act is ? where is the erectile tissue located

A

same as men with arousal done by PNS and orgasm by the SNS

46
Q

what produces female lube

A

greater vestibular glands and vaginal epithelium

47
Q

what is oogenesis? when does it occur

A

oogenesis begins prenatally where in the ovary, germ cells mitotically divide to make a large number of oogonia

48
Q

what is important to note about mature oocytes

A

most dont get ovulated and 99% degenerate

49
Q

what occurs to primary oocytes formed in fetu

A

they are frozen in prophase 1 for years until puberty starts and they start meiosis

50
Q

oocytes go through meiosis 2?

A

yes they do but only when it is fertilized in womb

51
Q

when oogonium go through meiosis, what is created?

A

three cells are made, one ova, and two polar bodies

52
Q

the primary oocyte is surrounded by what structure? when it matures, what other structure is created?

A

is it surrounded by granulosa cells and when mature, the granulosa cells divide into layers to make zona pellucida

53
Q

what are thecal cells? what hormone do they respond to

A

thecal are what separate follicles and respond to LH

54
Q

the follicle that goes through ovulation is called

A

graafian follicle

55
Q

what are granulosa cells called during ovulation? and after?

A

granulosa cells during ovulation are corona radiata and after ovulation are corpus luteum

56
Q

estrogen is made by what structure in the first half of menstural cycle? and in the second half?

A

first half: granulosa cells
second half: corpus luteum

57
Q

the menstrual cycle is how long? and what are the two cycles included?

A

it is avg 28 days and include ovarian cycle (primordial follicle to corpus luteum) and uterine cycle

58
Q

the ovarian cycle has what 3 phases?

A

the follicular phase, ovulatory phase, luteal phase
FOL

59
Q

what is the follicular phase:

A

primary follicle matures and secretes estrogen and maturation is controlled by FSH and last 13 days

60
Q

what is ovulatory phase:

A

a secondary oocyte is released and its triggered by high LH levels. the surge causes ruminants of follicle to become corpus luteum. starts day 14

61
Q

what is luteal phase:

A

full formation of corpus luteum and it secretes estrogen and progesterone and lasts 14 days

62
Q

what is uterine cycle? what are the three phases?

A

uterine cycle occurs within same 28 days as ovarian cycle and gets endometrium ready for fertilization. the three phases are menstruation, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.

MPS MEGA PEEN SUPREMACY

63
Q

menstruation phase:

A

triggered by degeneration of corpus luteum and estrogen and progesterone levels DROP. this causes lining to fall and bleeding to occur

64
Q

proliferative phase:

A

estrogen is produced by follicle cause new endometrium

65
Q

secretory phase:

A

occurs where estrogen and progesterone increases development of endometrium. if not baby, menstruation

66
Q

what structures regulated secretion of estrogen and progesterone in the CNS

A

anterior pit and hypothalamus

67
Q

where does LH and FSH come from

A

anterior pituitary

68
Q

FSH causes what in women

A

causes granulosa and thecal cells develop in follicular phase.

69
Q

LH causes what in women

A

causes ovulation and afterwards, it causes follicle to become corpus luteum

70
Q

what occurs to hormones when pregant

A

High levels of P and E causes inhibition of GnRH, LH, and FSH

71
Q

endometrium drops due to what

A

drop in P and E as corpus luteum degenerates

72
Q

corpus luteum degenerates due to what hormone

A

LH

73
Q

chorion is what? what hormone does it release

A

its a part of the placenta that comes from zygote and it releases HCG

74
Q

what occurs in menopause

A

theres no P and E inhibiting LH and FSH so they stay high

75
Q

during follicular phase what occur in uterine cycle?

A

proliferative and mensuration phases

76
Q

during ovulation phase, what occurs in uterine cycle

A

proliferative and secretory occur

77
Q

during luteal phase, what occurs in uterine cycle

A

secretory phase occurs

78
Q

what are steps for fertilization

A
  1. sperm must penetrate corona radiata and zona pellucida using acrosome
  2. 2dary oocyte goes through 2 meiosis and matures
79
Q

penetration of multiple sperm is called what? what prevents this?

A

penetration is called polyspermy. we have a fast block: depol of membrane and slow block: calcium influx

80
Q

embryogenesis starts with what?

A

cleavage: zygote goes through many cell divisions to produce a ball of cells called morula.

81
Q

morula turns into what? and this process is called

A

turns into blastocyte and this is called blastulation

82
Q

what is the anatomy of the blastocyte

A

blastocytes have a ring of cells called trophoblasts and an inner cavity with an inner cell mass at the end of it

83
Q

the trophoblasts turn into what? what does inner cell mass turn into?

A

trophoblasts turn into chorion and inner cell mass becomes embryo

84
Q

where does blastocyte get nutrients from in the first 3 months? after this time, where does it get it from?

A

first 3 months they get it from trophoblasts
after three months: the placenta

85
Q

is the corpus luteum needed during preg? why or why not?

A

yes it is because it makes HCG

86
Q

inner cell mass also makes what structures

A

amnion: fluid cavity that holds embryo
yolk sac: only found in reptiles
allantois: forms blood vessels in umbilical cord

87
Q

what is gastrulation?

A

occurs from inner cell mass where the three primary germ layers become distinct: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

88
Q

after organogenesis, the embryo is now

A

a fetus

89
Q

ectoderm

A

NS, pituitary, adrenal medulla, eye, skin, hair, nails (the outer layer of the organs plus NS)

90
Q

mesoderm

A

all muscle, bone, connective tissue, cardiovascular, and urogentital, lymph

(heart and bone and muscle)

91
Q

endoderm

A

GI tract, glands, respiratory, and bladder
(digestion and breathe)

92
Q

after gastrulation what occurs

A

neurulation: the formation of the NS when the neural plate with the edges coming together to make neural tube

93
Q

what is differentiation? what is special of primitive cells in zygote/morula

A

specialization of cell types. primitive cells in these structures have the potential to become any cell TOTIPOTENT CELLS

94
Q

TOTIPOTENT CELLS

A

have potential to become any cell

95
Q

what are multipotent

A

they can become many cells not all and they come from germ layers

96
Q

when a cells fate has been fixed, it has been

A

determined and occur before differentiation

97
Q

can cells become unspecialized?

A

yes this is dedifferentiation

98
Q

what are pluripotent cells

A

can generate all adult cell types of any 3 germ layers

99
Q

what occurs in first trimester?

A

gastrulation and neurulation

100
Q

what occurs in second trimester?

A

organs and system continue to develop

101
Q

what occurs in third trimester?

A

significant fat tissue

102
Q

birth is called and what does it depend upon

A

it is also called parturition and depends on contraction of muscles in uterus. progesterone helps repress contractions during most of pregnancy

103
Q

labor contraction is what kind of feedback? what hormone starts contraction

A

it is (+) feedback and oxytocin regulates this

104
Q

prolactin is inhibited by what? what does prolactin do

A

it is inhibited by P and E and it causes the making of milk

105
Q

oxytocin also helps with what

A

stimulates milk release and like before, uterine contractions

106
Q

labor goes through what three things

A

dilation of cervix, actual birth, and expulsion of placenta

107
Q

where does fertilization occur?

A

in the fallopian tubes

mcat bio textbook (10 decks)

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