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mcat bio textbook > ch. 10 > Flashcards

ch. 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Excretion? What are the main organs that play in this system?

A

excretion is the disposal of waste products. the organs are the liver, colon, skin, and kidneys

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2
Q

what is livers function in excretion?

A

The liver deals with hydrophobic and large waste that the kidney cant deal with. it also creates Urea and releases it into the blood stream and its excrete in urine.

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3
Q

what is colons function in excretion?

A

the large intestines reabsorbs water and ions from feces. it can also excrete ions into feces uses active transport

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4
Q

what is skins function in excretion?

A

the skin produces sweat that has water, ions, and urea, sweating isnt controlled by the amount of water we need to excrete but rather the temperature and symp NS

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5
Q

what is kidneys function in excretion?

A

they are responsible for 1. excretion of hydrophilic wastes
2. the maintenance of constant solute concentration and pH
3. the maintenance of constant fluid volume important for cardiac volume and blood pressure

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6
Q

how does the kidneys do what they do? (name the three things)

A
  1. filtration
  2. selective reabsorption
  3. secretion (+ concentration & dilution)
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7
Q

what occurs in filtration in the kidneys?

A

pressurized blood is passed through a filter so that cells and proteins stay in the blood but water and small molecules are squeezed into the renal tubule. the fluid is called filtrate and sent out as urine

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8
Q

what is selective reabsorption in kidneys?

A

we take back useful items while leaving waste and some water in the tubule

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9
Q

what is secretion in the kidneys?

A

we add substance to the filtrate. this secretion can increase rate in which we remove stuff from the blood and adding it to the filtrate to send out of the body. the last two steps is concentration and dilution of the filtrate.

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10
Q

what are the last two steps of the kidneys?

A

the last two steps is concentration and dilution of the filtrate. this is selective reabsorption of last minute things we want back and if we have too much water, the dilute the urine. we is left in the tubule will be sent out.

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11
Q

where does the blood enter the kidneys? where does it leave the kidneys?

A

blood enters the kidneys from a large renal artery that is part of the abdominal aorta. purified blood leaves the kidneys by the large renal vein and empties into the inferior vena cava.

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12
Q

where does the urine leave the kidney? where does this lead into?

A

the urine leaves the kidneys through the ureter and goes to the urinary bladder

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13
Q

what are the sphincters that control the release the urine from the bladder? define them?

A

we have the internal sphincter that is made of smooth muscle and involuntary. then we have the external sphincter made of skeletal muscle that is voluntary

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14
Q

the outer region of the kidney is called? the inner region?

A

outer region is cortex and inner region is medulla

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15
Q

in the medulla of the kidney, what is the pathway (structures) that it passes through part 1.

A

we have medullary pyramids that has alot of collecting ducts and leaves at the top of the medullary pyramids called papilla.

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16
Q

in the medulla of the kidney, what is the pathway (structures) that it passes through part 2

A

after it leaves the papilla, it goes through the calyx and converge into the renal pelvis where the urine collects and goes to ureter

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17
Q

the functional unit of the kindey and the two components (define it)

A

the functional unit is nephrons and made up of CAPSULE: a region surrounding the capillaries where filtration occurs and RENAL TUBULE: a tube that gets the filtrate and empties into a collecting duct and ends in renal pelvis

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18
Q

what is anatomy of filtration?

A

we get blood from afferent arteriole that branches into a ball of capillaries known as GLOMERULUS. blood passed through the GLOMERULUS BASEMENT MEMBRANE (a filter) and enters BOWMANS CAPSULE that is the lumen of tubule

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19
Q

what is anatomy of selective reabsorption?

A

useful molecules in the filtrate is picked up. most of reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). last minute reabsorption also occurs further along the tubule called the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).

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20
Q

what is anatomy of secretion?

A

most secretion occurs in the DCT but occurs throughout the tubule.

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21
Q

concentration and dilution changes occurs where? what hormones affect this?

A

they occur in the distal nephron that includes the DCT and the collecting duct. this is controlled by ADH and aldosterone.

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22
Q

what is mechanism of ADH

A

when you’re dehydrated, we reabsorb water that increased concentration. ADH is released by posterior pituitary and prevents water loss

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23
Q

what is mechanism of aldosterone

A

when BP is low, aldosterone is released by adrenal cortex and cause reabsorption of sodium which causes water retention and thirst

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24
Q

what does ADH do for the distal convulued tubule

A

usually it is impermeable to water but the hormone makes it permeable to water

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25
Q

aldosterone is released by? what does this hormone do

A

angiotensin II causes the release of Aldosterone to immediately increase BP

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26
Q

loop of henle, describe the descending and ascending limb.

A

descending limb is thick and permeable to water NOT ions making filtrate conc. the ascending limb is thin and NOT permeable to water but does lose ions into the medulla causing it to be salty.

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27
Q

what does the vasa recta do

A

a loop that helps maintain high conc of sodium in the medulla.

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28
Q

the glomerular filtration rate depends on what?

A

pressure

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29
Q

what structure in the kidney regulates BP? what enzyme gets secreted here?

A

we have the juxtaglomerular apparatus that is a contact point between afferent arteriole and distal tubule. the cells here are called juxtaglomerular cells that act as baroreceptors to secrete renin if bp is too low

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30
Q

what does enzyme renin do?

A

renin catalyzes a rxn to convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1 that gets converted angiotension 2 in the LUNGS to then make ADH

31
Q

what does kidney do if ph is too high? too low?

A

if too high: HCO-3 is excreted in urine
if too low: H+ is excreted

32
Q

what enzyme converts CO2 into carbonic acid?

A

carbonic anhydrase

33
Q

what hormone does the kidney make?

A

erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow to make RBCs

34
Q

calcitonin is made by what? where is it made? what does it do?

A

made by c cells in thyroid and it decreases calcium

35
Q

parathyroid hormone is made where? what does it do?

A

made the parathyroid and it secreted to increase calcium

36
Q

digestion is what? how

A

the breakdown of polymers into their monomers through enzymatic hydrolysis

37
Q

the GI tract is made up of what cells and have what junction? what type of muscle does digestion use

A

epithelial cells with tight junctions. it uses smooth muscle to move through the process of peristalsis

38
Q

GI motility is based on what five things

A
  1. spontaneous depol
  2. functional syncytium
  3. GI has own NS called enteric NS
  4. motility is controlled hormonally
  5. PNS stimulates motility
39
Q

a ball of food is called what? muscle GI contraction/movement is called

A

GI contraction is peristalsis and ball of food is bolus

40
Q

the enteric NS is part of what NS? what neurons does it have?

A

autonomic NS, it has myenteric plexus: regulates motility and submucosal plexus: releases secretions and blood flow

41
Q

GI secretes using what glands: define them

A

exocrine glands: like gastric gland and goblet cells makes mucus membrane.
endocrine glands: pancreas cells called islets of langerhans

42
Q

The mouth has what three roles:

A
  1. fragmentations: mastication cutting the food up
  2. lubrication: saliva wets it
  3. enzymatic digestion: starts the digestion process
43
Q

what is pharynx and has what two tubes?

A

the pharynx is the throat and has trachea where air passes and esophagus where food passes.

44
Q

how does food not pass through the trachea

A

we have a flap called the epiglottis

45
Q

the stomachs acidity is

A

2 ph due to HCI secretion and it kills and breaks down food

46
Q

pepsin is what? where is it made?

A

pepsin is a digestive enzyme and secreted by chief cells

47
Q

what is gastrin

A

a hormone secreted by G cells that stimulates acid and pepsin secretion

48
Q

the small intestines is divided in 3 segments called:

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

49
Q

absorption of nutrients begins where and where does overall digestion stop

A

in the duodenum and digestion stops in the small intestines

50
Q

how do secretions from what organs get into duodenum. the ducts empty through what

A
  1. pancreatic duct: delivers exocrine secretions
  2. common bile duct: delivers bile that contains bile acids made from liver
    empty into the duodenum by the sphincter of oddi
51
Q

what hormones are secreted by the duodenum

A

cholestokinin (CCK), secretin and entrogastrone
SEC

52
Q

cholestokinin (CCK)

A

secreted when fats are present and causes pancreas and gallbladder to release their secretions

53
Q

secretin

A

released when acid is present and tells pancreas to increase ph

54
Q

enterogastrone

A

decreases stomach emptying

55
Q

what does colon do? what is appendix?

A

colon absorbs water and minerals and holds stool until we need to poop. appendix is an appendage of first part of colon called cecum and made of lymphatic tissue

56
Q

last part of the colon? where does stool exit?

A

last part is the rectum and it exits through the anus

57
Q

colonic bacteria makes what vitamin

A

vitamin k that helps with blood clotting

58
Q

exocrine pancreas releases what proteases

A

trp and chemotrp for digestion

59
Q

endocrine pancreas hormones are released by what and what is released

A

released by islets of langerhans and releases glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin (inhibits many digestion processes)

60
Q

what hormones’ increase blood sugar? decrease?

A

increase: glucagon, epi, and cortisol
decrease: insulin

61
Q

bile is stored by what organ

A

gallbladder

62
Q

liver does what

A

digestive fats, detoxify, and creates new glucose form gluconeogenesis

63
Q

what hormones are secreted when stomach empty?

A

ghrelin to stimulate appetite

64
Q

what hormones are secreted when stomach full?

A

peptide yy to reduce appetite

65
Q

path of carbs in GI tract

A

mouth to stomach to intestines and sugars that are digested causes liver to release insulin

66
Q

path of protein in GI tract

A

mouth to stomach to intestines where zymogens gets active and break down proteins

67
Q

what are vitamins? which ones are fat soluble and which ones are water soluble?

A

vitamins need to be eaten because we cannot make them. fat soluble: DAKE water soluble: B, Biotin, C, folate (BBC females)

68
Q

vitamin A

A

retinol, visual pigment

69
Q

vitamin D

A

stimulates calcium absorption for bones

70
Q

vitamin E

A

prevents oxidation of unsat fats

71
Q

vitamin K

A

blood clotting

72
Q

vitamin B

A

helps with enzymatic digestion

73
Q

vitamin b folate

A

helps neural tube for baby development

74
Q

vitamin c

A

collagen formation

mcat bio textbook (10 decks)

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