Ch. 6 Flashcards
What are the organs of the skeletal system?
Bones, Cartilage, joints
What are 3 types of Cartilage?
Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Identify perichondrium
Cartilage surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue; they consists of cells called “chondroblast”
What is the function of Perichondrium?
heal cartilage injuries & cartilage growth
What do chodroblast do?
make NEW cartilage
Describe the 6 functions of bone
Support: provides a structural framework for tissues in the body
Movement: function as levers w/muscles attachment points
Protection: protects internal organs (brain, heart, lungs, etc)
Mineral Homeostasis: plays a role in calcium regulation
Blood Cell Production: red bone marrow creates new blood cell
Energy Metabolism: osteocalcin stimulates insulin in pancreas
How many bones do we have in the body?
206 bones
How many bones in the Axial skeleton?
80 bones
How many bones in the appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
what are the 4 examples of long bones
humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula
What are the four types of bones?
long, flat, short, irregular bones
What are long bones?
bones that are longer than they are wide
What are some examples of flat bones?
Sternum, cranium
What are Flat bones?
thin, flattened, & sometimes curved
What are short bones?
about the same length & width (roughly cubed)
Examples of short bones
Carpals, tarsals
What are irregular bones?
they don’t fit in any other category
Examples of irregular bones
coxal bones (hip bone), vertebrae
ID the region indicated by 1. What type of bone makes up this region? what substance would you find here & what is the function of this substance?
Epiphysis, spongy bone makes up this region. Red bone marrow, produces blood cell (hematopoiesis): create red & white blood cells, platelets
What is the function of Red bone marrow?
produces blood cell(hematopoiesis): create red & white blood cells, platelets.
ID the region indicated by 3. What type of bone makes up this region?
Diaphysis, compact bone CT makes up this region
ID the structure indicated by 6. What tissue makes up this region?
Articular Cartilage, is made up of hyaline cartilage CT
ID the VOLUMETRIC space indicated by 12. What substance do you find here and its function?
Medullary Cavity, you find yellow bone marrow it stores fat
ID the structure indicated by 14. What special cell do you find here and its function? Can bone heal without this structure?
Periosteum, contain: osteoblasts which are cells are important for bone healing & bone remodeling
W/o periosteum we wouldn’t be able to heal bone and our bones become brittle
Organic components?
Cells, fibers, and ground substance
Inorganic matrix?
Mineral salts(calcium phosphate) that invade bony matrix
What do calcium salts do to the bone?
Make bone hard
What do collagen fibers give the bone?
Give bone flexibility
What is rickets ?
Your not getting enough calcium. Calcium can’t deposit itself in the bone: your bones become flexible.
A disease in which you’re not getting enough vitamin c
Scurvy
When you see a epiphyseal line that means?
That individual has stopped growing
What is Intramembranous ossification?
All bone formed from membranous ossification
What is endochondral ossification?
All bone formed from hyaline cartilage connective tissue
What are the 2 ways cartilage grows?
Appositional growth & interstitial growth
What is appositional growth?
Chondroblast secret new matrix on existing surfaces—> cartilage expands and widens
What is interstitial growth?
Chondrocytes secrete new matrix within cartilage—> cartilage grows in length
what type of bone does endochondral ossification form?
Long bones
What are factors influencing height?
Genetic, hormonal, sleep, exercise, stress, nutritional
What is the epiphyseal plate?
The growth plate, is where the growth of long bones take place.
What are some factors for bone growth?
Sex hormones, thyroid hormone, growth hormone
What are sex hormones?
testosteron & estrogen
What are growth hormone?
stimulate cartilage cells at the epiphyseal plate
What are thyroid hormone?
replace cartilage needed for growth hormone
What is the stimuli of the parathyroid hormone?
Low blood Calcium Detected at Parathyroids
What is the primary effect of the parathyroid hormone?
to stimulate the activity of osteoclast
what would be the effector of the parathyroid hormone?
kidney, G.I. tract, and osteoclasts
what are the different types of bone fractures?
compression, impacted, compound, simple, comminuted fractures
What is a comminuted fracture?
Break in which bone splinters into many pieces
What is a simple fracture?
Full break where bone is not projecting through skin
What is a compound open fracture?
Full break projects through skin
What is a compression fracture?
one bone is squashed
What is a impacted fracture?
Break where one bone fragment is driven into another bone
