Ch. 6 Flashcards by Jareth Lopez

What are the organs of the skeletal system?

Bones, Cartilage, joints

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What are 3 types of Cartilage?

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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Identify perichondrium

Cartilage surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue; they consists of cells called “chondroblast”

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What is the function of Perichondrium?

heal cartilage injuries & cartilage growth

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What do chodroblast do?

make NEW cartilage

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Describe the 6 functions of bone

Support: provides a structural framework for tissues in the body

Movement: function as levers w/muscles attachment points

Protection: protects internal organs (brain, heart, lungs, etc)

Mineral Homeostasis: plays a role in calcium regulation

Blood Cell Production: red bone marrow creates new blood cell

Energy Metabolism: osteocalcin stimulates insulin in pancreas

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How many bones do we have in the body?

206 bones

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How many bones in the Axial skeleton?

80 bones

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How many bones in the appendicular skeleton?

126 bones

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what are the 4 examples of long bones

humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula

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What are the four types of bones?

long, flat, short, irregular bones

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What are long bones?

bones that are longer than they are wide

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What are some examples of flat bones?

Sternum, cranium

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What are Flat bones?

thin, flattened, & sometimes curved

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What are short bones?

about the same length & width (roughly cubed)

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Examples of short bones

Carpals, tarsals

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What are irregular bones?

they don’t fit in any other category

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Examples of irregular bones

coxal bones (hip bone), vertebrae

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ID the region indicated by 1. What type of bone makes up this region? what substance would you find here & what is the function of this substance?

Epiphysis, spongy bone makes up this region. Red bone marrow, produces blood cell (hematopoiesis): create red & white blood cells, platelets

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What is the function of Red bone marrow?

produces blood cell(hematopoiesis): create red & white blood cells, platelets.

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ID the region indicated by 3. What type of bone makes up this region?

Diaphysis, compact bone CT makes up this region

ID the structure indicated by 6. What tissue makes up this region?

Articular Cartilage, is made up of hyaline cartilage CT

ID the VOLUMETRIC space indicated by 12. What substance do you find here and its function?

Medullary Cavity, you find yellow bone marrow it stores fat

ID the structure indicated by 14. What special cell do you find here and its function? Can bone heal without this structure?

Periosteum, contain: osteoblasts which are cells are important for bone healing & bone remodeling

W/o periosteum we wouldn’t be able to heal bone and our bones become brittle

Organic components?

Cells, fibers, and ground substance

Inorganic matrix?

Mineral salts(calcium phosphate) that invade bony matrix

What do calcium salts do to the bone?

Make bone hard

What do collagen fibers give the bone?

Give bone flexibility

What is rickets ?

Your not getting enough calcium. Calcium can’t deposit itself in the bone: your bones become flexible.

A disease in which you’re not getting enough vitamin c

Scurvy

When you see a epiphyseal line that means?

That individual has stopped growing

What is Intramembranous ossification?

All bone formed from membranous ossification

What is endochondral ossification?

All bone formed from hyaline cartilage connective tissue

What are the 2 ways cartilage grows?

Appositional growth & interstitial growth

What is appositional growth?

Chondroblast secret new matrix on existing surfaces—> cartilage expands and widens

What is interstitial growth?

Chondrocytes secrete new matrix within cartilage—> cartilage grows in length

what type of bone does endochondral ossification form?

Long bones

What are factors influencing height?

Genetic, hormonal, sleep, exercise, stress, nutritional

What is the epiphyseal plate?

The growth plate, is where the growth of long bones take place.

What are some factors for bone growth?

Sex hormones, thyroid hormone, growth hormone

What are sex hormones?

testosteron & estrogen

What are growth hormone?

stimulate cartilage cells at the epiphyseal plate

What are thyroid hormone?

replace cartilage needed for growth hormone

What is the stimuli of the parathyroid hormone?

Low blood Calcium Detected at Parathyroids

What is the primary effect of the parathyroid hormone?

to stimulate the activity of osteoclast

what would be the effector of the parathyroid hormone?

kidney, G.I. tract, and osteoclasts

what are the different types of bone fractures?

compression, impacted, compound, simple, comminuted fractures

What is a comminuted fracture?

Break in which bone splinters into many pieces

What is a simple fracture?

Full break where bone is not projecting through skin

What is a compound open fracture?

Full break projects through skin

What is a compression fracture?

one bone is squashed

What is a impacted fracture?

Break where one bone fragment is driven into another bone