Ch 54 Nursing Care of Patients with Skin Disorders PPT Flashcards
What is dermatitis?
Inflammation of the skin characterized by itching, redness, and lesions.
What are the three common types of dermatitis?
Contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis.
What causes contact dermatitis?
Exposure to allergens or irritants (e.g., soaps, perfumes, poison ivy).
What is atopic dermatitis?
A hereditary condition associated with allergies, asthma, and hay fever.
Where does seborrheic dermatitis commonly occur?
Scalp, face, axilla, groin, and skin folds.
What are the main symptoms of dermatitis?
Itching, rashes, dry flaky skin, redness, vesicles.
What complications can arise from dermatitis?
Skin infections from scratching and open lesions.
How is dermatitis diagnosed?
Based on history, symptoms, and clinical findings.
What are common treatments for dermatitis?
Antihistamines, topical steroids, oatmeal baths, cool compresses.
What nursing interventions help dermatitis patients?
Cool compresses, avoiding irritants, keeping nails short to prevent scratching.
What is psoriasis?
A chronic inflammatory skin disorder with rapid epidermal cell turnover.
What causes psoriasis?
An autoimmune response leading to excessive keratin production.
What are the common signs of psoriasis?
Red plaques with silvery scales, itching, dry brittle hair, nail involvement.
What areas of the body are most affected by psoriasis?
Elbows, knees, scalp, umbilicus, genitals.
What is psoriatic arthritis?
A complication of psoriasis that causes joint inflammation and pain.
How is psoriasis diagnosed?
Based on physical assessment and sometimes a skin biopsy.
What treatments are available for psoriasis?
Topical steroids, salicylic acid, vitamin D creams, tar preparations, UV light therapy.
Why should psoriasis patients avoid alcohol?
Alcohol can interfere with treatment effectiveness.
What virus causes herpes simplex?
Herpes simplex virus (HSV).
What are the two types of herpes simplex?
HSV-1 (oral cold sores) and HSV-2 (genital herpes).
How is herpes simplex transmitted?
Direct contact, respiratory droplets, or exposure to infected fluids.
What are the symptoms of herpes simplex?
Burning, tingling, vesicles, redness, swelling, itching.
What is the main complication of herpes simplex?
Secondary bacterial infection or herpes encephalitis.
How is herpes simplex diagnosed?
Clinical presentation and viral cultures.
What treatments are available for herpes simplex?
Topical acyclovir, oral antivirals for severe cases.
What causes herpes zoster (shingles)?
Reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (chickenpox).
Who is at risk for shingles?
Older adults, immunocompromised individuals.
What are the symptoms of shingles?
Painful rash along a nerve pathway, fever, malaise, irritation.
What complications can arise from shingles?
Postherpetic neuralgia, vision loss (ophthalmic herpes zoster).
How is shingles treated?
Antivirals, pain management, cool compresses, antihistamines.
What is impetigo?
A contagious bacterial skin infection causing honey-colored crusts.
How is impetigo spread?
Direct contact with infected skin or contaminated objects.
What bacteria cause impetigo?
Streptococcus or Staphylococcus aureus.
How is impetigo treated?
Topical or oral antibiotics, good hygiene, and crust removal.
What is cellulitis?
A bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
What are the symptoms of cellulitis?
Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, fever.
What bacteria most commonly cause cellulitis?
Staphylococcus or Streptococcus.
What are potential complications of cellulitis?
Sepsis, tissue necrosis, rapid spread of infection.
How is cellulitis treated?
Oral or IV antibiotics, wound care, elevation of affected limb.
What is acne vulgaris?
A disorder of the sebaceous glands causing comedones, papules, and pustules.
What are the two types of comedones?
Whiteheads (closed comedones) and blackheads (open comedones).
How is acne treated?
Topical benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, antibiotics, isotretinoin for severe cases.
What is pediculosis?
Lice infestation (head, body, or pubic lice).
How is pediculosis treated?
Medicated shampoos (permethrin, RID), nit removal, cleaning personal items.
What is scabies?
A contagious skin infestation caused by mites.
How does scabies spread?
Close skin-to-skin contact or sharing infected items.
What are the symptoms of scabies?
Intense itching, rash with burrow tracks, papules.
How is scabies treated?
Topical permethrin, antihistamines for itching.
What are fungal skin infections called?
Dermatomycosis or tinea infections.
What is tinea pedis?
Athlete’s foot.
What is tinea capitis?
Ringworm of the scalp.
What is tinea corporis?
Ringworm of the body.
What is tinea cruris?
Jock itch (ringworm of the groin).
What is tinea unguium?
Fungal infection of the nails.
How are fungal infections treated?
Topical or systemic antifungal medications.
What are pressure injuries?
Skin breakdown caused by prolonged pressure on a bony area.
What are risk factors for pressure injuries?
Immobility, poor nutrition, moisture, decreased sensation.
What is a stage 1 pressure injury?
Non-blanchable redness on intact skin.
What is a stage 2 pressure injury?
Partial-thickness skin loss with exposed dermis.
What is a stage 3 pressure injury?
Full-thickness skin loss with visible fat.
What is a stage 4 pressure injury?
Full-thickness skin loss exposing muscle, bone, or tendons.
What is an unstageable pressure injury?
Covered by necrotic tissue, making depth undetermined.
What are some ways to prevent pressure injuries?
Frequent repositioning, skin assessments, good nutrition.
What is debridement?
Removal of dead tissue to promote wound healing.
What are the four types of debridement?
Mechanical, enzymatic, autolytic, surgical.
What is negative pressure wound therapy?
A vacuum-assisted closure that promotes wound healing.
What is basal cell carcinoma?
A slow-growing skin cancer with a pearly, waxy appearance.
What is squamous cell carcinoma?
A scaly, crusted skin lesion that can metastasize.
What is malignant melanoma?
A highly metastatic skin cancer originating in melanocytes.
What are the ABCDEs of melanoma detection?
Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Evolving changes.
How can skin cancer be prevented?
Avoid excessive sun exposure, use sunscreen, wear protective clothing.
What is Mohs surgery?
A precise surgical technique to remove skin cancer layer by layer.
What is a keloid?
An overgrowth of scar tissue beyond the original wound.
What is a seborrheic keratosis?
A benign wart-like skin growth.
What is a lipoma?
A benign fatty tumor under the skin.
What are common causes of skin infections?
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites.
What is folliculitis?
Inflammation of hair follicles, often caused by bacteria.
What is a furuncle?
A deep bacterial infection of a hair follicle (boil).
What is a carbuncle?
A cluster of infected hair follicles forming an abscess.
What is the primary treatment for furuncles and carbuncles?
Warm compresses, antibiotics, incision and drainage if needed.
What is erysipelas?
A bacterial skin infection causing red, raised, warm plaques.
What bacteria commonly cause erysipelas?
Group A Streptococcus.
How is erysipelas treated?
Oral or IV antibiotics, rest, elevation of affected area.
What are signs of an infected wound?
Redness, swelling, warmth, pain, pus, fever.
What is the first step in treating a suspected infected wound?
Obtain a wound culture before starting antibiotics.
What is a dermatophyte infection?
A fungal infection affecting skin, hair, or nails.
What is the best way to prevent tinea infections?
Keep skin dry, avoid sharing personal items, wear breathable shoes.
What is onychomycosis?
A fungal infection of the nails.
Why is treating onychomycosis difficult?
Topical treatments are often ineffective; oral antifungals may be needed.
What is the most common symptom of candidiasis?
Red, irritated skin with white patches or discharge.
What conditions increase the risk of candidiasis?
Diabetes, antibiotic use, immunosuppression, obesity.
What is thrush?
Oral candidiasis, characterized by white patches on the tongue and mouth.
What is the treatment for oral thrush?
Nystatin swish and swallow or antifungal lozenges.
What is ringworm?
A contagious fungal infection causing circular, scaly patches.
How is ringworm transmitted?
Direct contact with infected people, animals, or objects.
What are common parasitic skin infestations?
Lice (pediculosis) and scabies.
What is the primary symptom of lice infestation?
Intense itching of the scalp or body.
What is the best way to remove lice eggs (nits)?
Fine-tooth combing after applying medicated shampoo.
How is body lice different from head lice?
Body lice live in clothing seams and only move to the skin to feed.
What is the best way to treat scabies?
Topical permethrin cream applied overnight.
How long do scabies mites survive off the body?
Less than 24 hours.
Why should family members be treated for scabies?
It is highly contagious and spreads through close contact.
What is postherpetic neuralgia?
Chronic nerve pain following a shingles outbreak.
What medications help with postherpetic neuralgia?
Gabapentin, pregabalin, tricyclic antidepressants.
What are common triggers for psoriasis flares?
Stress, infections, cold weather, medications.
How does UV light therapy help with psoriasis?
Slows excessive skin cell production.
What is anthralin used for?
A tar-based medication that slows psoriasis cell turnover.
Why should psoriasis patients avoid scratching?
Scratching can cause skin trauma and trigger new lesions.
What is Koebner’s phenomenon?
Psoriasis lesions appearing at sites of skin trauma.
What is the most serious form of skin cancer?
Malignant melanoma.
What is actinic keratosis?
A precancerous skin lesion caused by sun damage.
What is the best way to prevent actinic keratosis?
Using sunscreen and avoiding excessive sun exposure.
What is the recommended SPF for daily sun protection?
At least SPF 30.
What is cryotherapy used for in dermatology?
Freezing warts, actinic keratosis, and other lesions.
What is Mohs surgery?
A precise surgical technique used to remove skin cancer layer by layer.
What is rhytidoplasty?
A facelift procedure to remove excess skin and wrinkles.
What is blepharoplasty?
Surgical removal of excess eyelid skin.
What is the purpose of reconstructive dermatologic surgery?
To repair damage, remove scars, and restore function.
What is a skin graft?
Transplanting healthy skin to cover a wound or burn.
What are the two types of skin grafts?
Autografts (from the patient) and allografts (from a donor).
What is the primary treatment for deep pressure injuries?
Wound debridement and specialized dressings.
What is the role of hydrocolloid dressings?
To maintain moisture and promote wound healing.
What is the primary function of the skin?
Protection from infection, injury, and dehydration.
What are the three main layers of the skin?
Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis.
What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue.
What cells in the epidermis produce keratin?
Keratinocytes.
What are melanocytes responsible for?
Producing melanin, which gives skin its color.
What layer of skin contains blood vessels and nerves?
Dermis.
What is the function of the hypodermis?
Provides insulation, stores fat, and cushions underlying structures.
What are sebaceous glands?
Glands that produce sebum to lubricate the skin.
What are the two types of sweat glands?
Eccrine and apocrine glands.
Where are eccrine sweat glands found?
All over the body, especially palms, soles, and forehead.
What is the function of eccrine sweat glands?
Regulating body temperature through sweating.
Where are apocrine sweat glands located?
Axilla, groin, and areolae of breasts.
What causes body odor?
Bacterial breakdown of apocrine sweat.
What is a primary lesion?
An initial change in the skin, such as a macule, papule, or vesicle.
What is a secondary lesion?
Changes in primary lesions due to trauma, infection, or healing.
What is a macule?
A flat, discolored skin spot (e.g., freckle).
What is a papule?
A small, raised lesion (e.g., wart, mole).
What is a vesicle?
A fluid-filled blister (e.g., herpes, chickenpox).
What is a pustule?
A pus-filled lesion (e.g., acne, impetigo).
What is a wheal?
A raised, red, itchy area (e.g., hives).
What is lichenification?
Thickened, rough skin from chronic scratching or rubbing.
What is excoriation?
Superficial skin loss due to scratching.
What is a fissure?
A crack in the skin extending into the dermis.
What is an ulcer?
A deep skin loss that may extend to muscle or bone.
What is purpura?
Purple discoloration due to bleeding under the skin.
What is petechiae?
Tiny red or purple dots due to broken capillaries.
What is ecchymosis?
A large bruise caused by blood leaking into tissues.
What is turgor?
Skin elasticity, used to assess hydration status.
How is skin turgor assessed?
Pinching the skin on the forearm or sternum.
What is poor skin turgor a sign of?
Dehydration.
What is clubbing of the nails a sign of?
Chronic hypoxia.
What is koilonychia (spoon nails) a sign of?
Iron-deficiency anemia.
What are Beau’s lines on nails?
Horizontal depressions due to illness or malnutrition.
What are splinter hemorrhages?
Red or brown streaks in the nail bed from trauma or infection.
What is paronychia?
Inflammation of the nail fold from infection or trauma.
What is onychomycosis?
A fungal infection of the nails.
How is onychomycosis treated?
Oral antifungal medications, nail removal in severe cases.
What is a Wood’s lamp used for?
Detecting fungal and bacterial skin infections under UV light.
What is a KOH test used for?
Diagnosing fungal infections by examining skin scrapings.
What is a punch biopsy?
A circular tool removes a small skin sample for examination.
What is a shave biopsy?
A razor removes a thin layer of skin for testing.
What is an excisional biopsy?
A full-thickness removal of a skin lesion.
What is patch testing used for?
Identifying allergens causing contact dermatitis.
What are signs of allergic contact dermatitis?
Redness, itching, blistering, swelling.
What is atopic dermatitis commonly associated with?
Asthma, allergies, hay fever.
What is seborrheic dermatitis?
A chronic skin condition causing oily, scaly patches.
How is seborrheic dermatitis treated?
Medicated shampoos, antifungal creams, topical steroids.
What is a common bacterial cause of impetigo?
Staphylococcus aureus.
What are the classic signs of impetigo?
Honey-colored crusts on the skin.
What is folliculitis?
Inflammation of hair follicles, often due to infection.
What is a furuncle?
A deep infection of a hair follicle (boil).
What is a carbuncle?
A cluster of infected hair follicles forming an abscess.
What is erysipelas?
A bacterial skin infection causing red, raised plaques.
What bacteria commonly cause erysipelas?
Group A Streptococcus.
What are common triggers for psoriasis flares?
Stress, infections, cold weather, medications.
What is the main symptom of postherpetic neuralgia?
Chronic nerve pain after shingles.
What medications help with postherpetic neuralgia?
Gabapentin, pregabalin, tricyclic antidepressants.
What is the treatment for herpes zoster (shingles)?
Antivirals, pain management, cool compresses.
What is the most common cause of fungal skin infections?
Dermatophytes (tinea species).
What is the best way to prevent tinea infections?
Keep skin dry, avoid sharing personal items, wear breathable shoes.
What is the treatment for tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)?
Topical antifungal creams, keeping feet dry.
What is candidiasis?
A yeast infection affecting moist skin folds.
What increases the risk of candidiasis?
Diabetes, obesity, antibiotic use, immunosuppression.
What is the treatment for oral thrush?
Nystatin swish and swallow, antifungal lozenges.
What is the primary symptom of scabies?
Intense itching, especially at night.
How is scabies diagnosed?
Identifying burrow tracks and microscopic mite examination.
What is the treatment for scabies?
Topical permethrin cream applied overnight.
How is head lice treated?
Medicated shampoos (permethrin), fine-tooth nit combing.
What is pediculosis corporis?
Body lice infestation.
What is pediculosis pubis?
Pubic lice infestation (crabs).
What is basal cell carcinoma?
The most common type of skin cancer, slow-growing.
What is squamous cell carcinoma?
A type of skin cancer that can metastasize.
What is malignant melanoma?
A highly metastatic skin cancer.
What are the ABCDEs of melanoma detection?
Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter >6mm, Evolving changes.
What is actinic keratosis?
A precancerous skin lesion caused by sun exposure.
How can skin cancer be prevented?
Use sunscreen, avoid tanning beds, wear protective clothing.
What is Mohs surgery?
A precise technique for removing skin cancer layer by layer.
What is cryotherapy used for?
Freezing warts, actinic keratosis, and other lesions.
What is a keloid?
An overgrowth of scar tissue.
