Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology semester 2 > Ch. 54 - chemical senses taste and smell > Flashcards

Ch. 54 - chemical senses taste and smell Flashcards

1
Q

Why do chemical senses bring up emotions

A

pass through limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Benefits of chemical senses (4)

A
  1. separate undesirable/ lethal foods
  2. initiate physiological response for digestion and utilization of food (i.e. salivating)
  3. recognize proximity to other aimals/individuals
  4. emotional and behavioral functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

____% of taste is smell

A

50-70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do the chemical receptors in taste cells sense

A

ions, compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sour taste buds recept

A

acids (hydrogen ion concentration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Salty taste buds recept

A

Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sweet taste buds recept

A

organic chemicals
(don’t recept a single class of chemicals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bitter taste buds recept

A

organic substances, often nitrogen, alkaloids
(often toxic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Alkaloid bud receptors recept

A

quinine, caffeine, nicotine, plant toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

umami bud receptors recept

A

L-glutamate
i.e. meat, cheese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What has the lowest threshold for taste

A

bitter (much more sensitive than all others)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Taste blindness is usually with

A

thiorea compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Taste bud make up:

A

50 epithelial cells
Contain: sustentacular cells and taste cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Taste cell turnover

A

fast - continually going through mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do taste cells work

A

microvilli/taste hairs protrude outward with receptor surface for taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Taste nerve location

A

wraps around bodes of taste cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Three types of papillae:

A
  1. fungiform
  2. foliate
  3. palate and tonsillar pillar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Most abundant papillae

A

fungiform - more important for texture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Amount of taste buds (age)

A

kids>adults>geriatric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Each taste but responds to ____ taste sitmuli

A

one (of five)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What causes change in membrane potential with taste receptor?

A

taste chemical–>taste hair –> partial loss of negative potential (graded APs)

cell becomes more positive inside w/ stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

decrease in potential is proportional to

A

concentration of stimulating substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Taste AP pathway

A

chemical binds to protein receptor molecule on outer surface –>positie ions enter and depolarize cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What washes away taste stimulus?

A

Saliva (repolarizes)

24
What tastes are ion specific?
Salty and sour salty = Na+ Sour = H+
25
What tastes are second-messenger transmitter substances?
Sweet and bitter
26
Taste adaptation
quick - first application is when discharge reaches peak. After, quickly adapts
27
Two transmission of taste signal:
1. anteroro 2/3 tongue -->lingual nerve -->chorda tympani -->facial nerve -->tractus solitarius 2. Circumvallate papillae -->glossopharyngeal-->tractus solitarius
28
Taste fiber (both) pathway:
synapse in nuclei of tractus solitarius -->2nd order neurons to ventral posterior medial nucleus of thalmus -->thirr order neurons to lower tip of postcentral gyrus in parietal cerebral cortex
29
Taste reflexes
tractus solitarius -->superior and inferior salivatory nuclei Control secretion of saliva during ingestion/digestion
30
Adaptation of taste signals (2 areas)
1. slight/partial at taste buds 2. complete adaptation in CNS (cerebral cortex)
31
adaptation of taste signals occurs within
one minute
32
Taste preference is based on
physiologic need (i.e. need salt crave salt)
33
taste preference MOA is from
CNS
34
What sense is the least well understood?
smell
35
Olfactory membrane location
superior part of nostril, superior septum, superior/middle turbinate
36
How is smell sensed?
Hairs/cilia project into mucous-->bind chemical odorants
37
What are the only cells that are externally exposed?
Hairs/Cilia of olafactory
38
What makes mucous?
Bowman's gland
39
Stimulation of olfactory senses
2nd messanger mechanims
40
Pathway for stimulation of olfactory senses
odorant to mucous-->binds to receptor proteins in cilia membrane-->transmembrane protein
41
2nd messanger pathway
transmembrane coupled G-protein-->alpha subunit -->adenylyl cyclase -->activates cyclase-->cyclase converts ATP to cAMP-->activates gated sodium ion channel
42
2nd messenger system benefit
multiplies excitatory effect of weak odorants (amplifies)
43
resting olfactory membrane potential
-55 mV
44
odorants depolarize to
-30 mV
45
Olafactory receptor adaptation
50% in first second after stimulation
46
Smell sensation classifications (7)
1. camphoraceous 2. musky 3. floral 4. pepperminty 5. ethereal 6. pungent 7. putrid
47
Smell range
Small gradation in intensity but can be detected at very small concentrations (low thresshold to smell a smell)
48
Olfactory bulb nerve fibers go to
cranial nerve I or olefactory tract
49
olfactory cells have ___ and terminiate in
short axons and terminate in gomeruli of olfactory bulb
50
glomeruli reponse
different glomeruli respond to different odors
51
3 different pathways in CNS
1. very old 2. less old 3. newer
52
Very old olafacotry system location
nuclei inmidbasal portion of brain anterior to hypothalmus. Feeds into limbic system
53
very old olfactory system role
activating feeding systems (salivation and digestion)
54
less old olafactory system location
prepyrform and pyrifom cortex and amygdaloid nuclei, pass through all portions of limbic system
55
less old olafactory system role
like or dislike certain foods
56
newer olfactory pathway location
thalmus *only one that does
57
newer olfactory pathway role
concious analysis, higher order thinking emotions, memories, complex thoughts
58

Physiology semester 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions