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Physiology semester 2 > Ch. 53 Hearing > Flashcards

Ch. 53 Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Conduction of sound pathway

A

tympanic membrane –>ossicles–>chochlea

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2
Q

tympanic membrane is attached to the

A

handle of the malleus

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3
Q

3 bones in middle ear:

A
  1. malleus
  2. incus
  3. stapes (connects to oval window –>inner ear)
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4
Q

Attenuation of sound:

A

after 40-80 seconds of intense sound:
1. stapedius uscle
2. tensor tympani mucles
are contracted with increased rigitidy in ossicles = reduces sound conduction

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5
Q

Attenuation of sound benefits (3)

A
  1. protect cohlea from damaging vibration
  2. masks low frequency sounds in environments
  3. decreases hearing sensitivity to own speech
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6
Q

Transmissin of sound through bone

A

Cochlea implanted in temporal bone. Vibration enter skull = fluid vibrations in chochlea

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7
Q

Cochlea is made of:

A

3 tubes coiled side by side:
1. scala vestibuli
2. scala media
3. scala tympani

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8
Q

Sound vibration pathway

A

vibrations–>scala vestibuli via faceplate at oval window –>faceplate moves inward to push fluid forward and outward to move fluid backward

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9
Q

Stiff, short fibers are near

A

oval window

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10
Q

stiff, short fibers beat at

A

very high frequency

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11
Q

long, limber fibers are near

A

tip of cochlea

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12
Q

long, limber fibers vibrate best at

A

low frequency

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13
Q

Fluid wave travels along

A

basilar membrane

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14
Q

fluid wave is strongest at

A

point of natural resonant frequency

at this point, membrane can vibrate back and forth with ease

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15
Q

fluid waves travel ____ initially then get _____

A

fast initally, then get progressively slower as it goes into chochlea

this allows high frequecy sounds to spread out and separate from one another

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16
Q

Pattern of sound wave

A

A - stapes is all the way in
B - Neutral
C - stapes all the way out

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17
Q

______ frequency waves are closest to stapes

A

higher

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18
Q

organ of corti role

A

generates nerve impulses in response to vibration of basilar membrane

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19
Q

Excitation of organ of Corti

A
  1. Stereocillia project upward from hair cells, which are embedded in gel coating of tectorial membrae
  2. bending of hairs in one direction depolarizes hair cells, bending in another direction hyperpolarizes them
  3. inward and outward movement of basialr fiber causes hairs to shear back and forth in tectorial membrane
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20
Q

____% of info comes from inner hair cells of organ of Corti

A

90-95%

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21
Q

what opens or closes mechanically gated ion channels in hair cells?

A

bending of sterocilia

22
Q

pivoting of steriocillia

A

opens or closes mechanically gated ion channels

23
Q

What is the electircle potential of hair cells at tips of sterocilia

A

+80
(creates extra sensitivity)

24
Q

place principle

A

determining sound frequencies by poition along basilar membrane

25
Q

How does loudness occur

A

as sound becomes louder, amplitude of vibration in basilar membrane and hair cells increases –>more hair cells become stimulated (spatial summation)

26
Q

decibel unit

A

10-fold increase in sound energy = 1 decibel

logarithm of actual intensities

27
Q

frequency of sound (age comparison)

A

young: 20-20,000 cycles per second
older: 50-8,000 cycles per second

young has broader range

28
Q

Nerve fibers from spiral ganglion of Corti enter

A

dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei in upper part of medulla–>2nd order neurons to opposite side of brain stem–>terminate in superior olivary nucleus

29
Q

From superior olivary nucleus, auditory pathway

A

passes upward through lateral lemniscus where some fibers terminate and other –>colliculus where they synase

30
Q

colliculus synapses to

A

medial geniculate nucleus –>synapse to auditory cortex

31
Q

auditory synapse location

A

superior gyrus of temporal lobe

32
Q

fibers pass through reticular activating system of brain stem, which:

A

activates nervous system in response to loud sounds

33
Q

signals form both ears transmitted through the pathway of

A

both sides of the brain

34
Q

Primary auditory cortex directly excited by

A

projections from medial geniculate body

35
Q

Secondary association areas are excited secondarily by

A

impulses from primary auditory cortex

36
Q

Sounds frequency perception

A

high frequency sounds excite nuerons at one side of tonotopic map, low frequency excite on other side

37
Q

What “sharpens” frequency

A

lateral inhibition

37
Q

Auditory cortex is important for

A

discrimination of tonal and sequential sound patterns

38
Q

destruction of both primary auditory cortices would result in

A

reduced hearing

39
Q

damage to only one primary auditory cortices results in

A

slightly reduced hearing and affects ability to localize sound

40
Q

Lesions affecting auditory association area:

A

interfere with ability to interpret meaning of sound

41
Q

How is direction of sound determined

A

time lag between entry of sound in one ear and entry into opposite ear

=

difference between intensities of the sounds in two ears

42
Q

What determines if sound is front or behind, above of below?

A

Pinnae - changes quality of sound based on direction

43
Q

Lateral superior olivary nucleus role

A

detecting direction from which sound is coming

44
Q

medial superior olivary nucleus role

A

detects time lag between acoustic signals entering two ears

45
Q

sounds from different areas around the head stimulate

A

different olivary neurons

46
Q

Deafness can be caused by impairment of(3)

A
  1. Cochlea
  2. auditory nerve
  3. CNS circuits from ear
47
Q

Main cause of deafness

A

impairment of physical structures of the ear that conduct sound to cochlea

48
Q

Permanent deafness MOA:

A

damage to cochlea or auditory nerve

49
Q

Method for measuring hearing

A

audiometer - emits tone with ranging frequencies

Physiology semester 2 (7 decks)

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