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S4 Geography > Ch 5.2 What is agriculture? > Flashcards

Ch 5.2 What is agriculture? Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the physical inputs of a farming system?

A
  1. Sunlight.
  2. Flatland/ land.
  3. Soil nutrients.
  4. Seeds.
  5. Water/ rainwater.
  6. Air temperature.
  7. Climate.
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2
Q

What are the cultural inputs of a farming system?

A
  1. Labour.
  2. Machines/ Technology.
  3. Transport.
  4. Fertilizers.
  5. Pesticides.
  6. Capital.
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3
Q

What are the processes of farming system?

A
  1. Ploughing.
  2. Sowing.
  3. Weeding.
  4. Harvesting
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4
Q

What are the useful outputs of the farming system?

A

Farm produce.

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5
Q

What are the useless outputs of the farming system?

A
  1. Crop residues.
  2. Pollutants.
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6
Q

How to classify agriculture by input/ outputs land ratio?

A

Intensive and extensive.

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of intensive farming?

A
  1. High cultural input per unit of land e.g. fertilizers, machines, greenhouse or irrigation.
  2. High output per unit area of land.
  3. Low output per unit of labour.
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of extensive farming?

A
  1. Low cultural input per unit of land e.g. fertilizers, machines, greenhouse or irrigation.
  2. Low output per unit area of land.
  3. High output per unit of labour.
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9
Q

How to classify agriculture by types of outputs?

A
  1. Arable farming.
  2. Pastoral farming.
  3. Mixed farming.
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10
Q

How to classify agriculture by uses of outputs?

A
  1. Subsistence farming.
  2. Commercial farming.
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11
Q

What are the characteristics of subsistence farming?

A

Outputs are for self-consumption.

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of commercial farming?

A

Outputs are for sale.

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13
Q

How to classify agriculture by the permanence of farmland or pasture used?

A
  1. Sedentary farming.
  2. Non-sedentary farming.
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14
Q

What are the characteristics of sedentary farming?

A

Farmers grow crops or rear livestock at a permanent land site.

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of non-sedentary farming?

A

Farmers move from time to time in search of suitable land or pasture.

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16
Q

How to classify agriculture by the level of technology?

A
  1. Low-tech
  2. High-tech
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17
Q

What are the characteristics of low-tech farming?

A
  1. Farming activity uses low technology.
  2. Little energy is used.
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18
Q

What are the characteristics of high-tech farming?

A
  1. Farming activity is specialised, highly mechanised and commercialised.
  2. Much energy is used to run the farm.
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19
Q

How to classify agriculture by input proportion?

A
  1. Labour-intensive farming.
  2. Capital-intensive farming.
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20
Q

What are the characteristics of labour-intensive farming?

A

Labour is the most important input.

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of capital-intensive farming?

A

Capital and technology are the most important inputs.

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22
Q

How to classify agriculture by water use?

A
  1. Irrigation farming.
  2. Rain-fed farming.
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23
Q

What are the characteristics of irrigation farming?

A

Requires irrigation of crops.

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of rain-fed farming?

A

Relies mainly on rainfall.

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25
Q

What are the factors affecting agriculture?

A
  1. Physical factors - Climate, Land.
  2. Cultural factors - Labour, Market, Technology, Capital, Transport, Institutional factors.
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26
Q

What are the climatic elements?

A
  1. Air temperature.
  2. Rainfall.
  3. Wind.
  4. Sunlight.
27
Q

What are the favourable conditions of air temperature for farming?

A
  1. Suitable temperature for plant growth are between 6 and 34 degrees.
  2. This ensures a long frost-free period or growing season. (Number of days in a year when farming is possible)
28
Q

What are the unfavourable conditions of air temperature for farming?

A
  1. Below 6 degrees: Crops cannot grow.
  2. 0 degree: Frost may occur and can destroy crops.
  3. Over 34 degrees: High evaporation rate may cause crops to wither - crop failure.
29
Q

What are the favourable conditions of rainfall for farming?

A
  1. Abundant rainfall: Good for water-demanding crops like wet rice.
  2. Moderate rainfall: Suitable for growing dry crops, e.g. wheat and barley.
30
Q

What are the unfavourable conditions of rainfall for farming?

A
  1. Too much rainfall: Flooding may drown crops.
  2. Too little rainfall: Drought may cause crops to wither.
  3. Unusual rainfall patterns: Rainstorm, hailstorms and frost may damage crops.
  4. Too much or little rain will cause crop failure. It can also wear away the top soil and cause soil erosion.
31
Q

What are the favourable conditions of wind for farming?

A

Onshore winds: Bring moisture to coastal areas and provide water for crops to grow.

32
Q

What are the unfavourable conditions of wind for farming?

A
  1. Strong winds make the soil dry. They can also wear away the topsoil and cause soil erosion.
  2. Tropical cyclones damage crops.
33
Q

What are the favourable conditions of sunlight for farming?

A

Long hours of sunlight facilitate photosynthesis.

34
Q

What are the unfavourable conditions of sunlight for farming?

A

Crops cannot grow well with short hours of sunlight.

35
Q

What are the relief factors?

A
  1. Altitude.
  2. Aspect (the direction to which a slope faces)
  3. Field gradient.
  4. Presence of river valley.
36
Q

What are the favourable conditions of altitude for farming?

A

Lowland areas.

37
Q

What are the unfavourable conditions of altitude for farming?

A

Highland areas as air temperature reduces with height ( 6 degrees per 1000 m) and winds get stronger.

38
Q

What are the favourable conditions of aspect for farming?

A
  1. Sun-facing slopes: More sunshine and therefore warmer.
  2. Windward slopes: Facing the sea may receive relief rain.
39
Q

What are the unfavourable conditions of aspect for farming?

A

Rain shadow on the leeward slopes: There may not be enough water for crop growth.

40
Q

What are the favourable conditions of field gradient for farming?

A

Lowland and gently sloping ground. Soils are thick and hold more moisture.

41
Q

What are the unfavourable conditions of field gradient for farming?

A

Fields on sloping ground: They are subject to soil erosion. Water drains away easily. As a result, the soil is thin and dry.

42
Q

What are the favourable conditions of presence of river valley/ delta for farming?

A
  1. Rivers supply water for irrigation.
  2. The alluvial soil on deltas and floodplains is fertile.
43
Q

What are the unfavourable conditions of presence of river valley/ delta for farming?

A

Inland areas without rivers.

44
Q

What are the characteristics of soil quality?

A
  1. pH value.
  2. Thickness of soil.
  3. Nutrient content/ Soil fertility.
  4. Moisture content.
45
Q

What are the favourable soil quality of pH value for growing crops?

A

Slightly acidic.

46
Q

What are the unfavourable soil quality of pH value for growing crops?

A

Strongly acidic or alkaline.

47
Q

What are the favourable soil quality of thickness of soil for growing crops?

A

Thick soil, soils in lowland areas.

48
Q

What are the unfavourable soil quality of thickness of soil for growing crops?

A

Thin soils, soils in upland areas.

49
Q

What are the favourable soil quality of nutrient content/ soil fertility for growing crops?

A

High (fertile soil), alluvial soil in river valley.

50
Q

What are the unfavourable soil quality of nutrient content/ soil fertility for growing crops?

A

Low (poor soil), e.g. desert soils.

51
Q

What are the favourable soil quality of moisture content for growing crops?

A
  1. Sufficient and stable.
  2. Well-drained soils with the right amount of moisture.
52
Q

What are the unfavourable soil quality of moisture content for growing crops?

A
  1. Insufficient and unstable.
  2. Wet and poorly-drained soils/ waterlogged soils.
53
Q

Elaborate on labour as one of the cultural factors affecting agriculture.

A

Skills and knowledge of the farmers can have a significant influence on the level of yield, overcoming farming contraints.

54
Q

Elaborate on market as one of the cultural factors affecting agriculture.

A
  1. Including local and overseas market.
  2. Market forces affect farmers’ decisions on the types of crops grown or animals raised.
55
Q

Elaborate on technology as one of the cultural factors affecting agriculture.

A
  1. Help overcome farming constraints
  2. Increase farm yield.
56
Q

List the benefits of irrigation.

A

Ensure and regulate a timely and adequate water supply.

57
Q

List the benefit of drainage.

A

Removes excess water from the fields, reduce waterlogging

58
Q

List the benefits of mechanisation. (Physically)

A
  1. Increase farm production, farm efficiency and quality of farm work. - More harvesting and cropping
  2. Save labour. (MDC- relieve the problem of labour shortage)
59
Q

List the benefits of applying chemicals. (Chemically)

A
  1. Fertilizers increase the fertility of soil.
  2. Pesticides protect crops from pests.
  3. Weedicides prevent weeds from competing for nutrients with crops.
60
Q

List the benefits of biotechnology such as better seeds and breeds. (Biologically)

A
  1. Increases the ability of crops to tolerate extreme weather conditions and attack of pests.
  2. Increases the quality of crops or breeds, and increases the farm yields.
61
Q

List the benefits of greenhouse technology.

A

Allows the growing of temperature-sensitive crops in winter like tomatoes and shelters crops from climatic hazards like frost and blizzards.

62
Q

Elaborate on capital as one of the cultural factors affecting agriculture.

A

Capital inputs include money and equipment such as machines. With capital, farmers can adopt different technologies to improve farm yield.

63
Q

Elaborate on transport as one of the cultural factors affecting agriculture.

A
  1. Can get supplies of farming inputs.
  2. Can get produce to the market.
  3. Improvements in transport technology like refrigeration -> longer distance transport of inputs and outputs.
  4. Produce a wider variety of crops.
  5. Access to a larger market.
64
Q

Elaborate on institutional factors as one of the cultural factors affecting agriculture.

A

Includes land ownership and government policies.
Affects farmers choice of crops and their ability to invest in infrastructure.

S4 Geography (22 decks)

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