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Advanced Pharmacology Nrsg 107 > Ch. 52 Antidiabetics > Flashcards

Ch. 52 Antidiabetics Flashcards

1
Q

What are Antidiabetics used for?

A

To control diabetes mellitus, a chronic disease that affects carbohydrate metabolism

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2
Q

What are the 2 groups of antidiabetic drugs?

A

Insulin and oral hypoglycemics

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3
Q

Where does insulin come from?

A

A protein secreted from the beta cells of the pancreas

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4
Q

What is the purpose of insulin?

A

It is necessary for carbohydrate metabolism and plays an important role in protein and fat metabolism

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5
Q

What does the alpha cells of pancreas secrete?

A

Glucagon

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6
Q

What is glucagon?

A

A hyperglycemia agent

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7
Q

What is the function of oral hypoglycemic drugs?

A

They are synthetic preparations that stimulate insulin release or otherwise alter the metabolic response to hyperglycemia

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8
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

A chronic disease resulting from deficient glucose metabolism

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9
Q

What causes diabetes mellitus?

A

Caused by insufficient insulin secretion from the beta cells or impaired insulin utilization

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10
Q

What are the 3 P’s that DM is characterized by?

A

Polyuria (increased urine output), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger)

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11
Q

List the 4 types of diabetes.

A

Type 1, Type 2, Secondary diabetes (medications, hormonal changes), and Gestational diabetes (GDM)

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12
Q

What is the onset of Type 1 DM?

A

Generally early age of onset

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13
Q

What is another symptom seen in Type 1 DM besides the 3 P’s?

A

Weight loss

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14
Q

What is the onset of Humalog or lispro?

A

15 min

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15
Q

What is the peak of Humalog or lispro?

A

30-90 min

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16
Q

What is the duration of Humalog or lispro?

A

3-5 hours

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17
Q

What is the onset of Novolog or aspart?

A

10-20 min

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18
Q

What is the peak of Novolog or aspart?

A

40-50 min

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19
Q

What is the duration of Novolog or aspart?

A

3-5 hours

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20
Q

What is the onset of Apidra or glulisine?

A

20-30 min

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21
Q

What is the peak of Apidra or glulisine?

A

30-90 min

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22
Q

What is the duration of Apidra or glulisine?

A

1-21/2 hours

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23
Q

What does rapid-acting insulin cover?

A

It covers insulin needs for meals eaten at the same time as the injection.

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24
Q

What type of insulin is used with the rapid-acting insulins?

A

Longer-acting insulins

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25
Q

Which other insulins can rapid-acting insulins be mixed with?

A

Can only be mixed with NPH insulin.

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26
Q

What is the appearance of rapid-acting insulins?

A

Appearance is CLEAR

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27
Q

What is the onset of Regular (R) humulin or novolin?

A

30 min - 1 hour

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28
Q

What is the peak of regular (R) or novolin?

A

2-3 hours

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29
Q

What is the duration of regular (R) or novolin?

A

5-8 hours

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30
Q

What is the onset of Velosulin (for use in the insulin pump)?

A

30 min - 1 hour

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31
Q

What is the peak of Velosulin (for use in the insulin pump)?

A

2-3 hours

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32
Q

What is the duration of Velosulin (for use in the insulin pump)?

A

2-3 hours

33
Q

List the rapid-acting insulins.

A

Humalog or lispro, Novolog or aspart, and Apidra or glulisine

34
Q

List the short-acting insulins.

A

Regular (R) humulin or novolin and Velosulin (for use in the insulin pump)

35
Q

List the long-acting insulins.

A

Ultralente (U), Lantus, and Levemir or detemir

36
Q

List the pre-mixed insulins.

A

Humulin 70/30, Novolin 70/30, Novolog 70/30, Humulin 50/50, and Humalog mix 75/25

37
Q

What does short-acting insulins cover?

A

They cover insulin needs for meals eaten within 30-60 minutes

38
Q

What is the appearance of short-acting insulins?

A

Appearance is CLEAR

39
Q

List the intermediate-acting insulins.

A

NPH (N) and Lente (L)

40
Q

What is the onset of NPH (N)?

A

1-2 hours

41
Q

What is the peak of NPH (N)?

A

4-12 hours

42
Q

What is the duration of NPH (N)?

A

18-24 hours

43
Q

What is the onset of Lente (L)?

A

1-21/2 hours

44
Q

What is the peak of Lente (L)?

A

3-10 hours

45
Q

What is the duration of Lente (L)?

A

18-24 hours

46
Q

What does intermediate-acting insulins cover?

A

They cover insulin needs for about half the day or overnight.

47
Q

What other insulins are the intermediate-acting insulins often combined with?

A

They are often combined with rapid- or short-acting insulins

48
Q

What is the appearance of intermediate-acting insulins?

A

Appearance is CLOUDY

49
Q

What is the onset of Ultralente (U)?

A

30 min - 3 hours

50
Q

What is the peak of Ultralente (U)?

A

10-20 hours

51
Q

What is the duration of Ultralente (U)?

A

20-36 hours

52
Q

What is the onset of Lantus?

A

1-11/2 hours

53
Q

What is the peak of Lantus?

A

No peak time; insulin is delivered at a steady level

54
Q

What is the duration of Lantus?

A

20-24 hours

55
Q

What is the onset of Levemir or detemir?

A

1-2 hours

56
Q

What is the peak of Levemir or detemir?

A

6-8 hours

57
Q

What is the duration of Levemir or detemir?

A

Up to 24 hours

58
Q

What does long-acting insulin cover?

A

They cover insulin needs for about one full day

59
Q

What other insulins are often given, when needed, wiith long-acting?

A

Rapid- or short-acting insulins

60
Q

Can you mix long-acting insulins?

A

These should NEVER be mixed with other insulins

61
Q

What is the appearance of long-acting insulins?

A

Appearance is CLEAR

62
Q

What is the onset of Humulin 70/30?

A

30 min

63
Q

What is the peak of Humulin 70/30?

A

2-4 hours

64
Q

What is the duration of Humulin 70/30?

A

14-24 hours

65
Q

What is the onset of Novolin 70/30?

A

30 min

66
Q

What is the peak of Novolin 70/30?

A

2-12 hours

67
Q

What is the duration of Novolin 70/30?

A

Up to 24 hours

68
Q

What is the onset of Novolog 70/30?

A

10-20 min

69
Q

What is the peak of Novolog 70/30?

A

1-4 hours

70
Q

What is the duration of Novolog 70/30?

A

Up to 24 hours

71
Q

What is the onset of Humulin 50/50?

A

30 min

72
Q

What is the peak of Humulin 50/50?

A

2-5 hours

73
Q

What is the duration of Humulin 50/50?

A

18-24 hours

74
Q

What is the onset of Humalog mix 75/25?

A

15 min

75
Q

What is the peak of Humalog mix 75/25?

A

30 min-21/2 hours

76
Q

What is the duration of Humalog mix 75/25?

A

16-20 hours

77
Q

When are pre-mixed insulins generally taken?

A

These products are generally taken twice a day before mealtime

78
Q

What is the appearance of pre-mixed insulins?

A

Appearance is CLOUDY

79
Q

What are pre-mixed insulins a combination of?

A

Premixed insulins are a combination of specific proportions of intermediate-acting and short-acting insulin in one bottle or insulin pen (the numbers following the brand name indicate the percentage of each type of insulin)

Advanced Pharmacology Nrsg 107 (5 decks)

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